Bayesian analysis of quantitative trait loci for boar taint in a Landrace outbred population1

Varona, L.; Vidal, Oriol; Quintanilla, Raquel; Gil, Marta; Sánchez, Alcides Antúnez; Folch, Josep María; Hortós, M.; Rius, M.A; Amills, Marcel; Noguera, J. L.

doi:10.2527/2005.832301x

Cited by 29 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…A third study on boar taint QTL was carried out on a Landrace outbred population [48]. Androstenone and skatole concentrations in fat were determined in 217 intact boars.…”

Section: Detection Of Quantitative Trait Loci (Qtl)mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Genetic and metabolic aspects of androstenone and skatole deposition in pig adipose tissue: A review(Open Access publication)

Robic

Larzul²,

Bonneau³

2007

Genet. Sel. Evol.

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-High levels of androstenone and skatole in fat tissues are considered the primary causes of boar taint, an unpleasant odour and flavour of the meat from non-castrated male pigs. The aim of this article is to review our current knowledge of the biology and genetic control of the accumulation of androstenone and skatole in fat tissue. Two QTL mapping studies have shown the complexity of the genetic control of these traits. During the last ten years, several authors have taken a more physiological approach to investigate the involvement of genes controlling the metabolism of androstenone and skatole. Although some authors have claimed the identification of candidate genes, it is more appropriate to talk about target genes. This suggests that genes affecting androstenone and skatole levels will have to be sought for among specific or non-specific transcription factors interacting with these target genes.androstenone / skatole / pig / boar taint / QTL

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“…A third study on boar taint QTL was carried out on a Landrace outbred population [48]. Androstenone and skatole concentrations in fat were determined in 217 intact boars.…”

Section: Detection Of Quantitative Trait Loci (Qtl)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the literature, the average heritability value of androstenone levels is high (h 2 = 0.56), ranging from 0.25 to 0.88 [35] with recent estimated values in the same range [36,48]. Skatole levels show medium heritability values ranging from 0.19 to 0.54 [31,45].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genetic and metabolic aspects of androstenone and skatole deposition in pig adipose tissue: A review(Open Access publication)

Robic

Larzul²,

Bonneau³

2007

Genet. Sel. Evol.

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“…Considering the low resolution of these QTL studies, it is not possible to conclude whether they might be caused by the same genes segregating as in our study. The remaining boar taint QTL previously identified on SSC6 for smell intensity [39], subjective pork odour and skatole measurements [17,40] are located distal or proximal on SSC6. None of the other QTL studies investigating androstenone or sensory panel traits identified effects on SSC6 [19,24,39].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A genome-wide association study on androstenone levels in pigs reveals a cluster of candidate genes on chromosome 6

Duijvesteijn¹,

Knol²,

Merks³

et al. 2010

BMC Genet

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BackgroundIn many countries, male piglets are castrated shortly after birth because a proportion of un-castrated male pigs produce meat with an unpleasant flavour and odour. Main compounds of boar taint are androstenone and skatole. The aim of this high-density genome-wide association study was to identify single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with androstenone levels in a commercial sire line of pigs. The identification of major genetic effects causing boar taint would accelerate the reduction of boar taint through breeding to finally eliminate the need for castration.ResultsThe Illumina Porcine 60K+SNP Beadchip was genotyped on 987 pigs divergent for androstenone concentration from a commercial Duroc-based sire line. The association analysis with 47,897 SNPs revealed that androstenone levels in fat tissue were significantly affected by 37 SNPs on pig chromosomes SSC1 and SSC6. Among them, the 5 most significant SNPs explained together 13.7% of the genetic variance in androstenone. On SSC6, a larger region of 10 Mb was shown to be associated with androstenone covering several candidate genes potentially involved in the synthesis and metabolism of androgens. Besides known candidate genes, such as cytochrome P450 A19 (CYP2A19), sulfotransferases SULT2A1, and SULT2B1, also new members of the cytochrome P450 CYP2 gene subfamilies and of the hydroxysteroid-dehydrogenases (HSD17B14) were found. In addition, the gene encoding the ß-chain of the luteinizing hormone (LHB) which induces steroid synthesis in the Leydig cells of the testis at onset of puberty maps to this area on SSC6. Interestingly, the gene encoding the α-chain of LH is also located in one of the highly significant areas on SSC1.ConclusionsThis study reveals several areas of the genome at high resolution responsible for variation of androstenone levels in intact boars. Major genetic factors on SSC1 and SSC6 showing moderate to large effects on androstenone concentration were identified in this commercial breeding line of pigs. Known and new candidate genes cluster especially on SSC6. For one of the most significant SNP variants, the difference in the proportion of animals surpassing the threshold of consumer acceptance between the two homozygous genotypes was as much as 15.6%.

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“…In addition, the slaughter weights were rather light at 80-85 kg live weight. A third study (Varona et al, 2005), designed to map QTLs in 10 candidate chromosomal regions identified from the previous studies, was carried out with a Landrace outbred population. These authors failed to detect any QTLs for androstenone in any of the candidate chromosome regions and instead detected a QTL for skatole on SSC 6.…”

Section: Genetic Effects On Boar Taintmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biochemical, nutritional and genetic effects on boar taint in entire male pigs

Zamaratskaia

Squires

2009

Animal

191

179

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Pork odour is to a great extent affected by the presence of malodorous compounds, mainly androstenone and skatole. The present review outlines the current state of knowledge about factors involved in the regulation of androstenone and skatole in entire male pigs. Androstenone is a pheromonal steroid synthesised in the testes and metabolised in the liver. Part of androstenone accumulates in adipose tissue causing a urine-like odour. Skatole is produced in the large intestine by bacterial degradation of tryptophan and metabolised by hepatic cytochrome P450 enzymes and sulphotransferase. The un-metabolised part accumulates in adipose tissue, causing faecal-like odour. Androstenone levels are mostly determined by genetic factors and stage of puberty, whereas skatole levels in addition to genetic background and hormonal status of the pigs are also controlled by nutritional and environmental factors. To reduce the risk of tainted carcasses entering the market, male pigs are surgically castrated in many countries. However, entire males compared to castrates have superior production characteristics: higher growth rate, better feed efficiency and leaner carcasses. Additionally, animal welfare aspects are currently of particular importance in light of increasing consumers' concerns. Nutrition, hormonal status, genetic influence on boar taint compounds and the methods to develop genetic markers are discussed. Boar taint due to high levels of skatole and androstenone is moderately heritable and not all market weight entire males have boar taint; it should thus be possible to select for pigs that do not have boar taint. In these studies, it is critical to assess the steroidogenic potential of the pigs in order to separate late-maturing pigs from those with a low genetic potential for boar taint. A number of candidate genes for boar taint have been identified and work is continuing to develop genetic markers for low boar taint. More research is needed to clarify the factors involved in the development of boar taint and to develop additional methods to prevent the accumulation of high concentrations of skatole and androstenone in fat. This review proposes those areas requiring further research.

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Bayesian analysis of quantitative trait loci for boar taint in a Landrace outbred population1

Cited by 29 publications

References 28 publications

Genetic and metabolic aspects of androstenone and skatole deposition in pig adipose tissue: A review(Open Access publication)

Genetic and metabolic aspects of androstenone and skatole deposition in pig adipose tissue: A review(Open Access publication)

A genome-wide association study on androstenone levels in pigs reveals a cluster of candidate genes on chromosome 6

Biochemical, nutritional and genetic effects on boar taint in entire male pigs

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