Battery-Ultracapacitor Hybrid Energy Storage System to Increase Battery Life Under Pulse Loads

Abstract

This work presents a battery-ultracapacitor hybrid energy storage system (HESS) for pulsed loads (PL) in which ultracapacitors (UCs) run the pulse portion of the load while the battery powers the constant part of the load. Energy stored in UC depends upon the square of its voltage that's why an active parallel hybrid topology with two bidirectional converters (BDC) is employed here that assigns UC a separate BDC to control its voltage between an upper and lower limit as per-requisite. The other converter is connected between the battery and DC-link to provide a distinct control of the battery. A MATLAB/Simulink model is developed to minimize the factors affecting the battery life such as capacity rate (C-rate), depth of discharge (DoD), and temperature rise due to PL by controlling the operating modes of the BDCs in which voltage of the UC and state of charge (SoC) of the battery are control variables. A constant output voltage across the load is maintained through feedback control. A detailed comparative analysis, among battery-alone, UCalone, and battery-UC hybrid modes is performed which signifies that the proposed system is 55% lower in cost than its counterparts. The analysis shows that the proposed HESS reduces 50% capacity of a lead-acid battery, which is otherwise necessary to withstand the pulsating loads. Moreover, the performance of the HESS is also tested for electric vehicle (EV) load by hybridizing a high-voltage lithium-ion battery pack with a UC bank which confirms its suitability for EV applications.INDEX TERMS pulsed load, battery life improvement, ultracapacitors (UCs), bidirectional converter, hybrid energy storage system (HESS), and electric vehicles (EVs).

Effective utilization of grid‐forming cloud hybrid energy storage systems in islanded clustered dc nano‐grids for improving transient voltage quality and battery lifetime

“…{P_{GW}^i(t)} \right|}_{CHESS} &=& P_{ex}^i(t) - {\mathcal{L}}^{ - 1}\left\{ {\left( {1 - {H}_{LPF}(s)} \right)P_{net}^i(s)} \right\}\nonumber\\ &=& P_{ex}^i(t) - P_{Hf}^i(t) \end{eqnarray}$$where $$P_{Hf}^i(t)$$shows the high‐frequency fluctuations of the new power in i th NG. Due to the random variation of RESs or loads, the high‐frequency net power variations have approximately zero average during the mid‐term or steady state operation of the system [27]. Therefore, the average power transferred to the MG DC link is obtained as: $$$$\begin{equation} \def\eqcellsep{&}\begin{ar...$$…”

“…where P i H f (t )shows the high-frequency fluctuations of the new power in i th NG. Due to the random variation of RESs or loads, the high-frequency net power variations have approximately zero average during the mid-term or steady state operation of the system [27]. Therefore, the average power transferred to the MG DC link is obtained as: lim…”

An efficient energy management scheme using rule-based swarm intelligence approach to support pulsed load via solar-powered battery-ultracapacitor hybrid energy system

“…Its complexity and high computational intensity limit its real-time applicability and increase hardware requirements. A BB-UC hybrid energy storage system (HESS) designed to enhance battery life while addressing PL challenges is introduced in 21 . It demonstrates improvements in battery life compared to individual batteries and UC systems.…”

Emerging Intelligent Bidirectional Charging Strategy Based on Recurrent Neural Network Accosting EMI and Temperature Effects for Electric Vehicle

“…In [18], developed a battery based on ultracapacitor hybrid energy storage system for the rippled load. Ultracapacitor energy storage is clearly understood by using the MATLAB/Simulink platform, after examining all the results the authors decided that the energy storage capacity of developed method is effective as compared to Lead-acid storage battery.…”