Battery Reliability Assessment in Electric Vehicles: A State-of-the-Art

Abstract

Lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries are being used in electric vehicles to reduce the reliance on fossil fuels due to their high energy density, design flexibility, and efficiency compared to other battery technologies. However, they undergo complex nonlinear degradation and performance declines when abused, making their reliability crucial for effective electric vehicle performance. This survey paper presents a comprehensive review of state-of-the-art battery reliability assessments for electric vehicles. First, the operating principle of Li-ion batteries, their degradation patterns, and degradation models are briefly discussed. Afterwards, the reliability assessments of Li-ion batteries are detailed in qualitative and quantitative approaches. The qualitative approach encompasses failure modes mechanisms and effects analysis, X-ray computed tomography, and scanning electron microscopy. In contrast, quantitative approaches involve multiphysics modelling, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, incremental capacity and differential voltage analysis, machine learning, and transfer learning. Each technique is examined in terms of its principles, advantages, limitations, and applicability in Li-ion batteries for electric vehicles. Comparative analysis reveals that qualitative methods are primarily used in early design stages to assess potential risks and in post-mortem battery analysis in the laboratory, while quantitative techniques such as machine learning and transfer learning offer real-time prognostic health management and anomaly prevention. Also, the quantitative techniques tend to be more cost-effective compared to their counterparts. The potential for consolidating reliability methods through standardization of testing protocols, real-world data integration, controller area network use, and policy regulation are highlighted to guide further research.INDEX TERMS Capacity fade, causes of failure, data-driven, degradation trajectory, electric vehicle, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, failure modes mechanisms and effects analysis, incremental capacity and differential voltage analysis, Li-ion batteries, machine learning, model-based, power fade, qualitative analysis, quantitative analysis, remaining useful life, reliability, state of health, state of charge, transfer learning, X-ray computed tomography.