Battery Energy Storage Systems in Microgrids: Modeling and Design Criteria

Matteucci, Matteo; Brivio, Claudio; Mandelli, Stefano; Merlo, Marco

doi:10.3390/en13082006

Cited by 35 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…e residual value (RV) is based on the remaining life of asset, and it is linearly decreasing with respect to initial CAPEX. e estimated BESS lifetime is computed based on the aging model proposed in [38] updated with [39]. In particular, capacity fade is considered: EoL is when the available energy is 80% of nominal energy.…”

Section: Economic Performancesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Revenue Stacking for BESS: Fast Frequency Regulation and Balancing Market Participation in Italy

Rancilio

Bovera

Merlo

2022

International Transactions on Electrical Energy Systems

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Battery energy storage systems (BESS) are considered a relevant flexible resource for supporting the balancing of a RES-penetrated power grid. Since their cost structure is characterized by very high capital costs, it is of utmost importance to ensure efficient and effective operations from a techno-economic perspective. The possibility of services (and revenues) stacking is one of the most discussed optimization solutions. The present work provides a novel approach for BESS modeling, including the stacking of two diverse ancillary services, a dedicated balancing market bidding model, and a state-of-charge management strategy. Fast frequency regulation is proposed as a power-based service, requiring large ramping capability, but asking BESS activation just for a limited amount of time. For the remainder, BESS power can be traded on balancing market (BM): energy-based services, such as tertiary regulation, could be effectively coupled with power-based, fast regulations, increasing the economic attractiveness of investments in BESS. The case of fast reserve (FR), a new high-speed frequency response service proposed by the Italian TSO in Italy, is assessed in this study. FR provision foresees a capacity-based remuneration (k€/MW/year) and requires to ensure 1000 hours per year of availability. After assessing its cost-effectiveness as a stand-alone service, a sequential multiservice strategy is proposed, where BESS provides FR for 1000 hours, while for the rest of the time it is dedicated to the provision of replacement reserve (RR). Performances of BESS are evaluated considering the reliability of the provision, its operational efficiency, and investment’s economics. Performed tests demonstrate how, within the current Italian regulatory framework, the investment’s rate of return improves thanks to the multiservice approach. In particular, while maintaining a proper reliability, the minimum acceptable remuneration from FR yearly auctions decreases by 13%; at the same time, self-dispatching of energy through BM calls reduces the need to purchase energy on day-ahead market and keeps BESS state-of-charge far from saturation regions, thus also increasing its lifetime.

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Section: Economic Performancesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Revenue Stacking for BESS: Fast Frequency Regulation and Balancing Market Participation in Italy

Rancilio

Bovera

Merlo

2022

International Transactions on Electrical Energy Systems

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“…To estimate battery life, a SoH model was developed based on [26]. The SoH model considers both cycle aging and calendar aging in terms of capacity fade.…”

Section: Techno-economic Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…where cf is a function of the operating conditions, and in particular of c-rate at step k as detailed in [26]; Y is the number of seconds per year. Yearly calendar aging (C cal ) is estimated based on capacity decay due to ambient conditions, in particular of the container indoor setpoint temperature T in , as shown in Equation (17).…”

Section: Techno-economic Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

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Grid-Scale BESS for Ancillary Services Provision: SoC Restoration Strategies

et al. 2020

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The future power system, characterized by lower inertia, reduced programmability and more distributed architecture, will depend on prompt and reliable control systems. Quick ancillary services provided by battery energy storage systems (BESS) could be a resource in order to deliver fast and precise response to frequency events. Degrees of freedom in the design of innovative products traded on ancillary services markets give the asset manager room for developing state-of-charge (SoC) restoration mechanisms. These are necessary to effectively exploit BESS as key resources for electricity balancing. This study compares the main SoC restoration strategies. It aims to define which ones are suitable for guaranteeing the reliability of the provision and the return on the investment. A robust regulatory framework analysis describes the degrees of freedom guaranteed by the main experiences around Europe. In this paper, a BESS model with variable efficiency is used to compare the provision of Frequency Containment Reserve (FCR) with different SoC restoration strategies exploiting one or more degrees of freedom. Here, we show that the degrees of freedom are key to the reliability of provision. Among most diffused mechanisms, dead-band strategies secure the desired consistency, but require large energy flows for SoC management. Thus, BESS life and economics decrease. The strategies based on minimum available energy guarantee assured reliability while being fair with BESS life and operation costs.

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“…Furthermore, the ESS is utilized for power management through the power generation of several RESs of an MG [16]. Reference [17] constructed a household ESS using Li-ion batteries, and there are studies on the MG using Li-ion batteries [18], the characterization of Li-ion batteries [19,20], and thermal runaway of batteries [21]. Because the isolated MG should be able to supply power to the load using the ESS alone, it is related to the load carrying capacity of the MG [16,22].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Power Conversion System Operation Algorithm for Efficient Energy Management of Microgrids

Lee

Kim

et al. 2021

Electronics

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This paper investigates the operation of each power conversion system (PCS) for efficient energy management systems (EMSs) of microgrids (MGs). When MGs are linked to renewable energy sources (RESs), the reduction in power conversion efficiency can be minimized. Furthermore, energy storage systems (ESSs) are utilized to manage the surplus power of RESs. Thus, the present work presents a method to minimize the use of the existing power grid and increase the utilization rate of energy generated through RESs. To minimize the use of the existing power grid, a PCS operation method for photovoltaics (PV) and ESS used in MGs is proposed. PV, when it is directly connected as an intermittent energy source, induces voltage fluctuations in the distribution network. Thus, to overcome this shortcoming, this paper utilizes a system that connects PV and a distributed energy storage system (DESS). A PV-DESS integrated module is designed and controlled for tracking constant power. In addition, the DESS serves to compensate for the insufficient power generation of PV. The main energy storage systems (MESSs) used in MGs affect all aspects of the power management in the system. Because MGs perform their operations based on the capacity of the MESS, a PCS designed with a large capacity is utilized to stably operate the system. Because the MESS performs energy management through operations under various load conditions, it must have constant efficiency under all load conditions. Therefore, this paper proposes a PCS operation algorithm with constant efficiency for the MESS. Utilizing the operation algorithm of each PCS, this paper describes the efficient energy management of the MG and further proposes an algorithm for operating the existing power grid at the minimum level.

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Battery Energy Storage Systems in Microgrids: Modeling and Design Criteria

Cited by 35 publications

References 37 publications

Revenue Stacking for BESS: Fast Frequency Regulation and Balancing Market Participation in Italy

Revenue Stacking for BESS: Fast Frequency Regulation and Balancing Market Participation in Italy

Grid-Scale BESS for Ancillary Services Provision: SoC Restoration Strategies

Power Conversion System Operation Algorithm for Efficient Energy Management of Microgrids

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