Battery Degradation in Electric and Hybrid Electric Vehicles: A Survey Study

Abstract

The lithium-ion batteries used in electric vehicles have a shorter lifespan than other vehicle components, and the degradation mechanism inside these batteries reduces their life even more. Battery degradation is considered a significant issue in battery research and can increase the vehicle's reliability and economic concerns. This study highlights the degradation mechanisms in lithium-ion batteries. The aging mechanism inside a battery cannot be eliminated but can be minimized depending on the vehicle's operating conditions. Different operating conditions affect the aging mechanism differently. Knowing the factors and how they impact battery capacity is crucial for minimizing degradation. This paper explains the detailed degradation mechanism inside the battery first. Then, the major factors responsible for the degradation and their effects on the battery during the operation of electric vehicles are discussed. Also, the different techniques used to model the degradation of a battery and predict its remaining life are explained in-depth, along with the techniques to abate the aging process. Finally, this study focuses on the research gaps, difficulties in predicting the lifetime, and reducing the degradation mechanism of a battery used in electric vehicles.

Sliding Mode Control of an Electric Vehicle Driven by a New Powertrain Technology Based on a Dual-Star Induction Machine

“…In the context of electric vehicles, the lithium-ion battery often presents the best compromise between several criteria, making it an attractive choice in the automotive industry [17][18][19][20].…”

“…Due to these advantages, the lithium-ion battery is often considered the preferred option for electric vehicles, offering a balanced combination of performance, range, durability, and weight. This makes it a logical choice as the energy source for electric vehicles in our study [8,[17][18][19]. The following equations represent the charging and discharging Due to these advantages, the lithium-ion battery is often considered the preferred option for electric vehicles, offering a balanced combination of performance, range, durability, and weight.…”

“…The following equations represent the charging and discharging Due to these advantages, the lithium-ion battery is often considered the preferred option for electric vehicles, offering a balanced combination of performance, range, durability, and weight. This makes it a logical choice as the energy source for electric vehicles in our study [8,[17][18][19]. The following equations represent the charging and discharging state of the lithium-ion battery used in our study…”

Intelligent Embedded Systems Platform for Vehicular Cyber-Physical Systems

“…Furthermore, embedded solutions must respect the limitations of available hardware resources, which may further constrain circuit design and optimisation requirements [63]. Timilsina et al [64], for instance, demonstrate that batteries in electric vehicles have a shorter lifespan than other on-board components, imposing the most stringent design requirements on the vehicular architecture.…”

A Real-time Degradation Abatement Technique in Hybrid Electric Vehicle using Data-Driven Methods

“…These limitations can be addressed by employing neural network models. In accordance with the insights provided by the study [22], various model-based, datadriven, and hybrid approaches have been utilized to predict the degradation trajectory. Several studies have used data-driven techniques, like studies [23], [24] have used convolutional neural networks to predict the degradation path of the battery.…”