BaTiO3-Based Lead-Free Electroceramics with Their Ferroelectric and Piezoelectric Properties Tuned by Ca2+, Sn4+ and Zr4+ Substitution Useful for Electrostrictive Device Application

Abstract

Dense microstructure BaTiO₃ (BT) ceramic with c/a ~1.0144 and average grain size ~7.8 μm is developed by achieving the ferroelectric parameters Psat. = 24.13 μC/cm 2 and Pr = 10.42 μC/cm 2 with lower coercive field of Ec = 2.047 kV/cm. For BT ceramic, the "sprout" shape nature is observed for strain-electric field measurements with remnant strain ~ 0.212%, converse piezoelectric constant ~376.35 pm/V and electrostrictive coefficient Q 33~ 0.03493 m 4 /C 2. To tune the piezoelectric properties of BT ceramic, the substitutions of Ca 2+ and Sn 4+ , Zr 4+ are done for Ba 2+ and Ti 4+ sites respectively. The Ba 0.7 Ca 0.3 Ti 1-x Sn x O 3 (x = 0.00, 0.025, 0.050, 0.075, and 0.1, BCST) system was studied with ferroelectric, piezoelectric and electrostrictive properties. The electrostrictive coefficient (Q 33) ~ 0.0667 m 4 /C 2 was observed for x = 0.075 and it is higher than the lead-based electrostrictive materials. Another (1-X) Ba 0.95 Ca 0.05 Ti 0.92 Sn 0.08 O 3 (BCST)-(X) Ba 0.95 Ca 0.05 Ti 0.92 Zr 0.08 O 3 (BCZT), ceramics (x = 0.00, 0.25, 0.50, 0.75, and 1) is studied. The BCST-BCZT ceramic system shows the increase of polymorphic phase transition temperatures toward the room temperature by Ca 2+ , Sn 4+ and Zr 4+ substitution. For BCST-BCZT system the composition x = 0.75 exhibits the d 33 , and Q 33 values of 310 pC/N, 385 pm/V and 0.089 m 4 /C 2 respectively which is greater than BT ceramics.

Flexible Low-Density Polyethylene–BaTiO3 Nanoparticle Composites for Monitoring Leakage Current in High-Tension Equipment

“…This response trend is similar to energy density variation under the influencing applied electric field and is many times studied for estimating the energy holding or capacitor-material suitability of such polymer–NP composites. Figure shows the trend of the increasing current density with the increase of the applied electric field as observed in previous studies with BT crystals . The results suggest that the current density shows a stable linear response to the applied electric field, which is a key requirement for sensing purposes.…”

“…Figure 6 shows the trend of the increasing current density with the increase of the applied electric field as observed in previous studies with BT crystals. 32 The results suggest that the current density shows a stable linear response to the applied electric field, which is a key requirement for sensing purposes. This comparison plot in Figure 6 suggests that the polymer−NP composite sample having more NPs can transfer the applied energy to BT NPs more efficiently or vice versa.…”

Biologically Compatible Lead-Free Piezoelectric Composite for Acoustophoresis Based Particle Manipulation Techniques

“…Several studies have shown that a fine domain structure of barium titanate (BT) material during the synthesis routes can greatly improve its dielectric and piezoelectric properties. For BT at room temperature, d 33 values ranging from 350 [ 36 ] to 500 pC/N and d 31 = −185 pC/N were achieved [ 34 ]. Thus, PZT d 33 piezoelectric coefficient varies from 152 to 593 pC/N [ 37 ].…”

A critical review: the impact of electrical poling on the longitudinal piezoelectric strain coefficient

“…Several research projects have documented on piezoelectric, ferroelectric, dielectric, and diffused phase transition properties of barium calcium zirconate titanate (BCZT), and barium strontium titanate (BST) piezoceramics [19,151,152,[158][159][160][161][162][163][164][165][166].…”