Bathing in a magnesium-rich Dead Sea salt solution improves skin barrier function, enhances skin hydration, and reduces inflammation in atopic dry skin

Proksch, Ehrhardt; Nissen, Hans-Peter; Bremgartner, Markus; Urquhart, Colin

doi:10.1111/j.1365-4632.2004.02079.x

Cited by 35 publications

(85 citation statements)

References 31 publications

(30 reference statements)

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“…For good functioning of the mechanism of skin hydration, the stratum corneum should be able to retain water so that its rate of evaporation is limited to a normal level. Proksch et al [21] claim that skin hydration is intrinsically related to the integrity of the stratum corneum.…”

Section: In Vivo Evaluationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Surfactant-based Transdermal System for Fluconazole Skin Delivery

Silva¹,

Luz²,

Satake³

et al. 2014

J Nanomed Nanotechnol

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The development of a controlled-release dosage form of antifungals is of crucial importance in view of the side-effects of conventional oral and intravenous treatments of Sporotrichosis. In this study, systems composed of polyoxypropylene (5) polyoxyethylene (20) cetyl alcohol (PPG-5-CETETH-20) as a surfactant, oleic acid as an oil phase, and water were developed as a possible fluconazole transdermal drug delivery system. The systems were characterised by polarised light microscopy (PLM), SAXS, and rheological analysis, followed by cellular and histological analyses, in vitro release assays, and ex vivo skin permeation and retention studies using porcine ear tissue and a Franz diffusion cell. PLM and SAXS results indicated that the mixtures of surfactant, oil and water formed micellar and lamellar phases. The incorporation of fluconazole in these systems was greater than in water and conventional dosage forms. Micellar systems behave as Newtonian fluids, being more viscous than elastic in rheological analysis, and lamellar phases behave as pseudoplastic fluids with high elastic moduli. In vitro and in vivo biological assays showed that the formulations did not affect normal cell macrophages and did not promote skin irritation. The release profile indicated that fluconazole could be released in a controlled manner. It was found that the systems enhanced drug permeation and skin retention by changing only the composition of the components in the formulations. Therefore, PPG-5-CETETH-20-based systems have great potential as transdermal systems with different structural and rheological characteristics for Sporotrichosis treatment using antifungal drugs.vehicles. Surfactants are able to stabilise mixtures of components with different polarities, thus creating additional regions for hydrophilic and lipophilic solubilisation of drugs. The drug can be protected against the dissolution medium due to the interfacial membrane, which is composed of the surfactant layer that the drug must pass through to be released. In this manner, surfactant systems also confer reservoir properties. The phase behaviour of surfactants enable the formation of microemulsions and liquid crystals, which is extremely attractive for nanotechnology because these structures are organised on the nanometric scale. In addition to the advantage of increased stability, their production can be scaled up easily. Varying the composition and proportions of surfactant, oil, and aqueous phase, it is possible to control the viscosity and texture of the systems above, which could lead to the immobilisation or localisation of the formulation at specific sites in the body and routes of administration. Therefore, surfactant systems have great potential as transdermal nanostructured drug delivery systems [6].Recently, our research group has demonstrated that the surfactant polyoxypropylene (5)

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Section: In Vivo Evaluationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Surfactant-based Transdermal System for Fluconazole Skin Delivery

Silva¹,

Luz²,

Satake³

et al. 2014

J Nanomed Nanotechnol

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“…Previous studies were conducted either on mice skin or human subjects with skin conditions using salt concentrations that do not correlate with Dead Sea levels (Denda et al 1999;Proksch E, Nissen HP, Bremgartner M 2005). Also, the use of commercially available Dead Sea salts for such studies may not reflect the specific activity of each ion in barrier function.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Profilaggrin has a domain that is known to have an affinity for binding magnesium ions, however it is four fold lower than that of calcium ions (Markova et al 1993). There are several anecdotal observations and research data that attributes to the role of magnesium and calcium ions in skin barrier function (Proksch E, Nissen HP, Bremgartner M 2005;Lipkin et al 1963). Therefore we sought to investigate the effect of DNCB and tape stripping on human skin topically enriched with varying concentrations of magnesium and calcium solutions.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A clinical study was conducted on 30 atopic dermatitis candidates, in which subjects were tested over six weeks for transepidermal water loss (TEWL), skin hydration, skin redness and skin roughness (Proksch E, Nissen HP, Bremgartner M 2005). Upon treating one of their arms with a 5%…”

Section: Topical Magnesium Applicationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Profilaggrin could be a major target for magnesium ion due to the presence of calcium binding EF-hand motif (Markova et al 1993). Anecdotal evidences of magnesium-based therapy for skin conditions are claimed to act by improving barrier function and hydrating the skin, complying with the characteristics of an epidermal system when filaggrin is well regulated (Proksch E, Nissen HP, Bremgartner M 2005;Denda et al 1999).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effect of topical magnesium application on epidermal integrity and barrier function

Chandrasekaran¹

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Dead Sea therapy is one of the oldest forms of treatment for skin disease and some chronic inflammatory diseases like arthritis and psoriasis. Much of the research to date has attributed the clinical effects of Dead Sea therapy to its mineral composition; mostly to magnesium salts.Magnesium salts, such as magnesium sulphate (Epsom salts), have long been used as a spa product and as a therapeutic to manage clinical conditions. The rationale of this PhD research was to understand the role of topically applied magnesium ions in epidermal integrity of human skin. We compartmentalized this research project into studying physiological, metabolic and proteolytic changes occurring at different layers of the skin. To begin with, we investigated the permeability of magnesium ions through stratum corneum. In Chapter 3, we developed a method to stain skin sections using mag-fura-2, a fluorescent dye that specifically binds to magnesium ions. When magnesium chloride (MgCl 2 ) solution was topically applied on normal and tape stripped skin, we observed that it is possible for magnesium ions to permeate through stratum corneum. We also varied the concentration and time of exposure of MgCl 2 solutions and found that at higher magnesium concentration, permeability is faster and penetration increases with progression of time.To further characterize permeability of the skin to magnesium, we blocked individual hair follicles using a novel method and subsequently treated skin with MgCl 2 solution. We found that hair follicles significantly contribute towards the permeation of magnesium ions. In Chapter 4, the hypothesis tested was that magnesium accelerates barrier recovery. Experiments were conducted on volunteers who did not have any history of skin conditions. We caused stratum corneum disruption on their volar forearm through tape stripping and subsequently treated that defined region with different salt solutions. The parameters we considered for understanding barrier function were transepidermal water loss, skin hydration and skin pH over 96 hours with repeated treatment at 24-hour intervals. We found that treatment with a variety of salt solutions, including magnesium chloride did not aid in lowering the TEWL to levels pre-tape stripping and no changes to skin pH were observed. However, we observed that treating the skin with 1.9 M magnesium solution nearly 2 fold (p < 0.05) increased hydration at 6 hours, relative to baseline at time zero, whereas water treatment increased hydration only 1.2 fold, and the hydration returned to normal levels within 24 hours in both cases. Skin barrier formation is a continuous process and occurs as a result of differentiating epidermal cells subsequently leading to terminal differentiation. In the case of disrupted barrier, the epidermal cells differentiate to replenish the lost layers of stratum corneum.Therefore as an extension to Chapter 4, experiments in Chapter 5 involved understanding the metabolic changes occurring in all three layers of the epidermis -granulosum, spinosum, bas...

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Using polymeric materials to control stem cell behavior for tissue regeneration

Zhang

Kohn

2012

Birth Defects Research Pt C

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Background: Intranasal steroids are 1 of the most frequently prescribed medications for the treatment of chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS), and saline irrigations are commonly used as an adjunct to medical therapy. We aimed to compare the efficacy of Dead Sea salt (DSS) irrigations and DSS nasal spray vs saline irrigations and topical nasal steroid spray in the treatment of symptoms of CRS. Methods: A total of 145 symptomatic adult patients without acute infection were initially enrolled and 114 completed the study. Patients completed a Sino‐Nasal Outcomes Test 20 (SNOT‐20) survey (primary outcome metric) and underwent endonasal examination, acoustic rhinometry, and smell testing (secondary outcome metrics). Patients were randomized to 2 groups. The experimental group (n = 59) self‐administered hypertonic DSS spray and DSS irrigation; the control group (n = 55) self‐administered fluticasone spray and hypertonic saline irrigation and spray. Patients and staff were blinded to group assignment. Outcomes were reassessed at 4 weeks. Results: The 2 groups were homogeneous with respect to pretreatment primary and secondary outcome metrics. Dropout rates were 30% in the DSS group and 36.6% in the control group. Both groups showed significant improvement in mean SNOT‐20 scores following treatment; however, the degree of improvement was not significantly different between groups (p = 0.082). There were no significant changes in secondary outcome metrics between the 2 groups. Conclusion: For patients with CRS, treatment with DSS irrigations and sprays appears as effective for symptom reduction as a combination of hypertonic saline irrigations and sprays and a topical steroid spray. © 2011 ARS‐AAOA, LLC.

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Bathing in a magnesium-rich Dead Sea salt solution improves skin barrier function, enhances skin hydration, and reduces inflammation in atopic dry skin

Cited by 35 publications

References 31 publications

Surfactant-based Transdermal System for Fluconazole Skin Delivery

Surfactant-based Transdermal System for Fluconazole Skin Delivery

Effect of topical magnesium application on epidermal integrity and barrier function

Using polymeric materials to control stem cell behavior for tissue regeneration

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