Bather density and levels of Cryptosporidium, Giardia, and pathogenic microsporidian spores in recreational bathing water

Graczyk, Thaddeus K.; Sunderland, Deirdre; Tamang, Leena; Lucy, Frances E.; Breysse, Patrick N.

doi:10.1007/s00436-007-0734-1

Cited by 47 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 14 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…It is accepted that infection occurs via the fecal-oral route for intestinal microsporidia such as E. bieneusi and E. intestinalis, as spores of these species are shed in the feces, but they can also often be shed in the urine from disseminated infections of the kidney. This is supported by the finding of E. bieneusi and E. intestinalis spores in recreational bathing water alongside oocysts of other enteric pathogens (94,95,114).…”

Section: Microsporidiamentioning

confidence: 68%

Clinical Significance of Enteric Protozoa in the Immunosuppressed Human Population

et al. 2009

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

SUMMARY Globally, the number of immunosuppressed people increases each year, with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) pandemic continuing to spread unabated in many parts of the world. Immunosuppression may also occur in malnourished persons, patients undergoing chemotherapy for malignancy, and those receiving immunosuppressive therapy. Components of the immune system can be functionally or genetically abnormal as a result of acquired (e.g., caused by HIV infection, lymphoma, or high-dose steroids or other immunosuppressive medications) or congenital illnesses, with more than 120 congenital immunodeficiencies described to date that either affect humoral immunity or compromise T-cell function. All individuals affected by immunosuppression are at risk of infection by opportunistic parasites (such as the microsporidia) as well as those more commonly associated with gastrointestinal disease (such as Giardia). The outcome of infection by enteric protozoan parasites is dependent on absolute CD4+ cell counts, with lower counts being associated with more severe disease, more atypical disease, and a greater risk of disseminated disease. This review summarizes our current state of knowledge on the significance of enteric parasitic protozoa as a cause of disease in immunosuppressed persons and also provides guidance on recent advances in diagnosis and therapy for the control of these important parasites.

show abstract

Section: Microsporidiamentioning

confidence: 68%

Clinical Significance of Enteric Protozoa in the Immunosuppressed Human Population

et al. 2009

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…E. bieneusi was also identified in seawater, lakes and rivers and is common in waste water (Sparfel et al, 1997). Graczyk et al (2007c) detected this pathogen in samples from recreational bathing area. In another study of surface and coastal waters in Ireland were surveyed E. bieneusi, along with Encephalitozoon intestinalis and…”

Section: Enterocytozoon Bieneusimentioning

confidence: 98%

“…Thurston- Enriquez et al (2002) discovered humanpathogenic E. intestinalis in irrigation water. Graczyk et al (2007c) found spores of this pathogen in water from recreational bathing area in USA. It was also detected along with E. hellem in molluscan shellfish from Ireland (Lucy et al, 2008).…”

Section: Encephalitozoon Sppmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phylum Microsporidia: Dangerous Waterborne Pathogens, A Review

Kalinová¹,

Bálent²

2015

IJSRES

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Phylum Microsporidia comprises from various species, number of which are pathogenic and capable of infecting humans by the means of water. Important human pathogens Enterocytozoon bieneusi and Encephalitozoon intestinalis were detected in both, ground and surface waters. Other Microsporidia species such as Encephalitozoon cuniculi and Encephalitozoon hellem but also Pleistophora spp. and Vittaforma corneae were also detected in water. Even though disinfection and filtration of drinking water is usually effective against these pathogens, malfunctions in water treatment system can lead to epidemics, such as one that occurred in 1995 in Lyon where 200 people got infected. Therefore pathogens from genus Microsporidia should be routinely monitored in drinking water, but also in water sources and recreational areas.

show abstract

“…Very large numbers of cryptosporidial oocysts can occur in the faeces of infected animals (up to 10 9 /g) and inputs into marine environments can occur via freshwater (Fayer et al, 2004) from human sewage and bathers (both C. parvum and C. hominis; (Graczyk et al, 2007), from livestock, domestic and wild animals including rodents (C. parvum). Cryptosporidium has been detected in marine mammals (Hughes-Hanks et al, 2005;Rengifo-Herrera et al, 2010) although their infectiousness to humans is poorly understood, however C.hominis has been detected in a dougon in Australia (Morgan et al, 2000).…”

Section: Data Linking Presence In Seawater To Food-borne Illnessmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…parvum oocysts can be concentrated by filter-feeding shellfish and survive for at least 30 days (Giangaspero et al, 2005;Graczyk et al, 2006;Graczyk et al, 2007;Guiguet Leal et al, 2008). Oocysts have been shown to survive for at least 12 months in seawater (Tamburrini and Pozio, 1999), but will be affected by temperature, salinity and amount of UV light (Nasser et al, 2007).…”

Section: Data Linking Presence In Seawater To Food-borne Illnessmentioning

confidence: 99%

Scientific Opinion on the minimum hygiene criteria to be applied to clean seawater and on the public health risks and hygiene criteria for bottled seawater intended for domestic use

Publication¹

2012

EFS2

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Document VersionPublisher's PDF, also known as Version of record SUMMARYFollowing a request from the European Commission, the Panel on Biological Hazards (BIOHAZ) and the Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) were asked deliver a scientific opinion on the minimum hygiene criteria to be applied to clean seawater and on the public health risks and hygiene criteria for bottled seawater intended for domestic use.European food legislation establishes the conditions for the use of clean seawater in land-based fishery establishments. Currently, the use of clean seawater is allowed for use in on-shore establishments, auctions and fish markets, for the handling and washing of fishery products, the production of ice for chilling fishery products and for rapid cooling of crustaceans and molluscs after their cooking. Nonetheless, there are no harmonised rules in the European legislation with regard to the sanitary criteria that clean seawater should respect.Based on incidents of food and waterborne infection, the properties and the distribution of the agents, microbiological hazards (including viruses, bacteria and parasites) have been associated with seawater. Poor quality sea water may consequently have a severe impact on public health through contamination which may occur during food processes. The hazards are associated either with bacteria, which are part of the natural marine biota (in particular Vibrio spp.), or pathogenic microbes derived from animal or human faecal contamination, which is most often of terrestrial origin. Nonetheless, there is currently not sufficient data on microbiological hazards to estimate the public health risks associated with the uses in on-land establishments for handling and washing fishery products, for the production of ice used for chilling, for rapid cooling of crustaceans and molluscs after cooking, and for bottled seawater. In the absence of data to propose risk-based criteria, hazard-based criteria are proposed instead. These should provide the same level of health protection as achieved by other food business operators through the use of potable water.It is underlined that coastal sources, used for abstraction of seawater in land-based establishments, cannot be guaranteed to be free from pathogens from the marine biota or from faecal contamination, and cannot be classified as a pristine source.Sanitary surveys provide information to optimize the site of abstraction in order to control sources of faecal pollution and chemical contamination. Additional safeguards will be needed to reduce contamination from endogenous marine flora (including pathogenic Vibrio spp. and C. botulinum). Since these hazards are associated with temperature and salinity (Vibrio spp.) as well as sediments (C. botulinum), abstracting seawater with high salinity (especially in waters of temperatures below 20 ºC), and free from particulate material will improve safety of seawater prior to treatment. The comprehensiveness of the sanitary survey, the stringency of microbiological criteria and the nee...

show abstract

Bather density and levels of Cryptosporidium, Giardia, and pathogenic microsporidian spores in recreational bathing water

Cited by 47 publications

References 14 publications

Clinical Significance of Enteric Protozoa in the Immunosuppressed Human Population

Clinical Significance of Enteric Protozoa in the Immunosuppressed Human Population

Phylum Microsporidia: Dangerous Waterborne Pathogens, A Review

Scientific Opinion on the minimum hygiene criteria to be applied to clean seawater and on the public health risks and hygiene criteria for bottled seawater intended for domestic use

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About