Bath temperature-dependent structural properties, coercive force, surface morphology and surface texture of electrochemically grown nanostructured Ni–Co/ITO thin films

Saraç, Umut; Kaya, Mehmet; Baykul, M. Celalettin

doi:10.1007/s00339-020-3423-x

Cited by 6 publications

(6 citation statements)

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“…The surface analysis shows that the films are smooth, compact, and homogenous. As distinctly noticed in the SEM images, the film surfaces consist of particles with different magnitudes and one particle is formed by the agglomeration of many smaller grains (Baykul et al, 2012; Long et al, 2022; Saraç et al, 2015b; Saraç et al, 2019; Saraç et al, 2020; Saraç et al, 2021a; Saraç et al, 2021b; Saraç & Baykul, 2021b; Savall et al, 2012). The surface of the film produced at −30 mA/cm 2 is more uniform, smoother, and more compact with smaller particles compared to the surface of the non‐GPP applied Ni‐Co‐Fe film.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…The relationship between the average roughness and the H c parameter Saraç et al, 2015b;Saraç et al, 2019;Saraç et al, 2020;Vemagiri et al, 2003). For example, Figure 11…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The changes in the H c parameter can be attributed to the changes in the morphology of the films (particle size and roughness), as demonstrated in previous studies for a wide variety of materials (Cao & Zhou, 2013; Chen et al, 2013; Denizli et al, 2020; Dev et al, 2022; Hanafi et al, 2016; Iwatsubo et al, 1999; Kim et al, 2003; Long et al, 2022; Ng et al, 2002; Rhen & Roy, 2008; Saraç et al, 2015a; Saraç et al, 2015b; Saraç et al, 2019; Saraç et al, 2020; Saraç et al, 2021b; Saraç & Baykul, 2021b; Vemagiri et al, 2003). For example, Figure 11 reveals a good relationship between the average roughness and the H c parameter.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Tuning structural properties, morphology and magnetic characteristics of nanostructured Ni‐Co‐Fe/ITO ternary alloys by galvanostatic pretreatment process

Saraç

Trong

Baykul

et al. 2022

Microscopy Res & Technique

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In this research, the structural properties, surface morphology, and magnetic characteristics of nanostructured ternary ferromagnetic alloys grown by a cost‐effective and effortless two‐step electrochemical deposition method on indium tin oxide (ITO) substrates with and without a galvanostatic pretreatment process (GPP) were examined. The GPP was applied at various pretreatment current densities (PCDs) such as −10, −20, and − 30 mA/cm2. The effect of the PCD on the Ni, Co, and Fe contents is found to be insignificant and all resultant Ni‐Co‐Fe thin films show an abnormal co‐deposition. The films have nano‐sized crystallites ranging from 17.3 to 19.6 nm and showed a face‐centered cubic structure with the [111] preferential growth. Compared to the non‐GPP applied Ni‐Co‐Fe film, growing the ternary Ni‐Co‐Fe film on ITO at the PCD of −30 mA/cm2 causes an improvement in the crystal quality and a reduction in the particle size from 150 ± 50 to 70 ± 20 nm. A decrement in the surface roughness and coercivity was also achieved by applying the GPP at the PCD of −30 mA/cm2, but the opposite is true for the GPP performed at the PCD of −10 mA/cm2. The GPP has an effect on the magnetic Squareness Ratio (SQR), but the influence of the PCD on the SQR parameter is negligible. The obtained findings reveal that the properties of the Ni‐Co‐Fe/ITO ternary alloys can be tuned through the GPP applied in various PCDs. Highlights • The effect of the PCD on the Ni, Co, and Fe contents is found to be insignificant. • The films have nano‐sized crystallites and showed a face‐centered cubic structure with the [111] preferential growth. • The analysis reveals that the GPP changes the crystal quality, Hc parameter, surface roughness, and particle size of the films. • The GPP has an effect on the magnetic squareness ratio (SQR), but the influence of the PCD on the SQR parameter is negligible. • The films had nano‐sized crystallites ranging from 17.3 to 19.6 nm. • The films were ferromagnetic, and the Hc and SQR parameters of the films ranged from 30.2 to 42.7 Oe and from 8.8% to 19.6%.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…The relationship between the average roughness and the H c parameter Saraç et al, 2015b;Saraç et al, 2019;Saraç et al, 2020;Vemagiri et al, 2003). For example, Figure 11…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Tuning structural properties, morphology and magnetic characteristics of nanostructured Ni‐Co‐Fe/ITO ternary alloys by galvanostatic pretreatment process

Saraç

Trong

Baykul

et al. 2022

Microscopy Res & Technique

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“…The texture direction index and isotropy index parameters were determined with the help of Mountains®8 software to analyze the changes in the surface texture depending on the ST [34]. The texture direction index parameter is approximate to zero or one for a surface with and without a predominant direction, respectively [35][36][37]. On the other hand, the strength of the surface texture is evaluated according to the value of the isotropy index parameter [35,36,38].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The texture direction index parameter is approximate to zero or one for a surface with and without a predominant direction, respectively [35][36][37]. On the other hand, the strength of the surface texture is evaluated according to the value of the isotropy index parameter [35,36,38]. Furthermore, the isotropy index parameter is approximate to zero for a surface displaying an anisotropic property, while it is approximate to one for a surface structure having a spatially isotropic feature [35][36][37][38].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

THE EFFECT OF SOLUTION TEMPERATURE ON CHEMICALLY MANUFACTURED CdS SAMPLES

BAL¹,

BAYKUL²,

SARAÇ³

2021

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In this paper, CdS samples were chemically coated onto glasses from an aqueous cadmium acetate solution. The resultant samples were analyzed depending on the solution temperature (ST) varied between 65 and 85 °C. Structural analysis confirmed that the ST plays a significant role on the crystallinity. A better crystallization was achieved at the ST of 80 °C. The direct optical band gaps were found to be in the range of 2.18 to 2.42 eV. The ST exhibited a remarkable influence on the surface morphology. Increasing ST from 65 to 80 °C significantly reduced the surface roughness and particle size. The sample chemically produced at the ST of 85 °C exhibited the highest surface roughness and the largest particle size. There was a good relationship between the energy band gap and the surface morphology. Further morphological analysis showed that the ST does not play a role on the surface texture. The highest crystallinity, the lowest surface roughness, the smallest particle size, the lowest band tail energy and the highest optical band gap (2.42 eV) were obtained for the sample manufactured at the ST of 80 °C, indicating that the optimum ST was 80 °C under the applied experimental conditions.

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Sol-gel derived ITO-based bi-layer and tri-layer thin film coatings for organic solar cells applications

Taha

Khalil

Rahman

et al. 2020

Applied Surface Science

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Bath temperature-dependent structural properties, coercive force, surface morphology and surface texture of electrochemically grown nanostructured Ni–Co/ITO thin films

Cited by 6 publications

References 60 publications

Tuning structural properties, morphology and magnetic characteristics of nanostructured Ni‐Co‐Fe/ITO ternary alloys by galvanostatic pretreatment process

Tuning structural properties, morphology and magnetic characteristics of nanostructured Ni‐Co‐Fe/ITO ternary alloys by galvanostatic pretreatment process

THE EFFECT OF SOLUTION TEMPERATURE ON CHEMICALLY MANUFACTURED CdS SAMPLES

Sol-gel derived ITO-based bi-layer and tri-layer thin film coatings for organic solar cells applications

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