Batch foaming of SAN/clay nanocomposites with scCO2: A very tunable way of controlling the cellular morphology

Urbanczyk, Laetitia; Calberg, Cédric; Detrembleur, Christophe; Jérôme, Christine; Alexandre, Michaël

doi:10.1016/j.polymer.2010.05.037

Cited by 80 publications

(61 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…They observed a higher cell nucleation efficiency with the exfoliated nanoclays than with the intercalated ones in both polystyrene (PS) and poly (methyl-methacrylate) (PMMA). Urbanczyk et al [14] dealt with the foaming of styrene acrylonitrile (SAN)/clay nanocom-posites using supercritical CO 2 . They concluded that while for intercalated nanocomposites nucleating effect of nanofillers was negligible, for completely exfoliated nanocomposites the cell density reached values two orders of magnitude higher than that obtained for the neat polymer foam.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Low density polyethylene/silica nanocomposite foams. Relationship between chemical composition, particle dispersion, cellular structure and physical properties

Laguna‐Gutiérrez

Saiz‐Arroyo²,

Velasco

et al. 2016

European Polymer Journal

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Low density polyethylene/silica nanocomposite foams. Relationship between chemical composition, particle dispersion, cellular structure and physical properties

Laguna‐Gutiérrez

Saiz‐Arroyo²,

Velasco

et al. 2016

European Polymer Journal

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“…A wide variety of polymeric matrices and nanoparticles have been used for this purpose. Spherical nanosilicas [22][23][24] and layered montmorillonite-type nanoclays [18,25,26] have been proved to be suitable nucleating agents in different polymeric matrices. For instance, in the work of Siripurapu et al [27] ultraporous PMMA films were produced using silica particles.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

PMMA-sepiolite nanocomposites as new promising materials for the production of nanocellular polymers

Bernardo

León

Laguna‐Gutiérrez

et al. 2017

European Polymer Journal

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A B S T R A C TIn this work, a new system based on poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) sepiolite nanocomposites that allow producing nanocellular polymers by using the gas dissolution foaming technique is described. Nanocomposites with different nanoparticle types and contents have been produced by extrusion. From these blends, cellular materials have been fabricated using the so-called gas dissolution foaming method. An extensive study of the effect of the processing parameters (saturation pressure and foaming temperature) on the cellular materials produced has been performed. Results showed that among the three sepiolites used, only those modified with a quaternary ammonium salt are suitable for being used as nucleating agents in PMMA. With these nanoparticles bimodal cellular polymers, with micro and nanometric cells, have been produced. Cell sizes in the range of 300-500 nm and cell densities of the order of 10 13 -10 14 nuclei/cm 3 have been obtained in the nanocellular region. A foaming temperature of 80°C and a wide range of saturation pressures (between 10 and 30 MPa) and low particle contents (between 0.5 and 1.5 wt%) allow obtaining these materials. Furthermore, it has been found that cell size in the nanometric population can be controlled by means of the particles content; a reduction in the cell size is obtained when the particles content increases. Finally, results indicate that an increase in the foaming temperature leads to cellular nanocomposites with lower relative densities (below 0.21) and larger cell sizes (above 450 nm).

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“…12 It is well known that cell density and cell size are the most important characteristics of microcellular foams, and the majority of the studies of microcellular foams have been focused on increasing cell density and decreasing cell size. [15][16][17] More recently, the incorporation of nanoscaled additives has been considered to enhance cell nucleation and produce more bubbles with a finer morphology. [16][17][18][19][20][21] Nanocellular foams have also been achieved in some cases.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[15][16][17] More recently, the incorporation of nanoscaled additives has been considered to enhance cell nucleation and produce more bubbles with a finer morphology. [16][17][18][19][20][21] Nanocellular foams have also been achieved in some cases. 22,23 Furthermore, the addition of nanofillers to polymers cause remarkable improvement in their properties, such as the modulus, strength, thermal stability and gas permeability resistance, compared with non-filled and microfilled ones.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microcellular foaming of PP/EPDM/organoclay nanocomposites: the effect of the distribution of nanoclay on foam morphology

Keramati

Ghasemi

Karrabi

et al. 2012

Polym J

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In this study, microcellular foams based on polypropylene/ethylene propylene diene monomer/organoclay (PP/EPDM/organoclay) nanocomposites were produced via a batch process using supercritical nitrogen (N 2 ) as the physical blowing agent. The foaming temperature and morphological observation demonstrated that foaming occurred mostly in the PP phase. To evaluate the effect of organoclay distribution on the cell nucleation step and the final foam morphology, the location of the nanofillers in the nanocomposite blend was traced by means of surface energies and Young's equation. The calculated wetting coefficient predicted that the organoclays would have more affinity with PP and would primarily distribute into the PP phase. These results were confirmed by atomic force microscopy (AFM), dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The cell density and average cell sizes are the main foam characteristics that were determined using SEM micrographs, and it was found that these parameters were influenced by the presence of nanoclays. An improved foam morphology was obtained in the nanocomposite samples. INTRODUCTIONBecause polymeric materials are widely used in daily life, the need to reduce the amount of consumed materials has received significant attention. Currently, polymeric foams have become more popular because conventional foams exhibit two important limitations: weak mechanical properties and harmful residues. Hence, the idea of microcellular foaming was invented by Martini et al. 1 at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology to produce lightweight materials without compromising their functional performance. Microcellular foams are defined as foams with cell populations 410 9 cells cm -3 and cell sizes of approximately 10 mm. 2 The tiny size and uniform distribution of bubbles, which are smaller than the critical flaws that already exist in polymers, make microcellular plastics possible for use in daily life applications instead of conventional foams. 3 Microcellular foaming technology has been rapidly developed in the past 2 decades, and microcellular parts have been produced via batch, injection molding and extrusion processes. 4-9 Despite a variety of production methods, the main foaming mechanism is the same. In the first step, the polymer is saturated with an inert gas at high pressure. In the second step, by means of rapid depressurization, the solubility of the dissolved gas decreases, and a super-saturation state occurs. As a result, cell nucleation is thermodynamically favored, and then microcells form through stabilization. 8

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Batch foaming of SAN/clay nanocomposites with scCO2: A very tunable way of controlling the cellular morphology

Cited by 80 publications

References 41 publications

Low density polyethylene/silica nanocomposite foams. Relationship between chemical composition, particle dispersion, cellular structure and physical properties

Low density polyethylene/silica nanocomposite foams. Relationship between chemical composition, particle dispersion, cellular structure and physical properties

PMMA-sepiolite nanocomposites as new promising materials for the production of nanocellular polymers

Microcellular foaming of PP/EPDM/organoclay nanocomposites: the effect of the distribution of nanoclay on foam morphology

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