Batch and continuous biodegradation of Amaranth in plain distilled water by P. aeruginosa BCH and toxicological scrutiny using oxidative stress studies

Abstract

Bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa BCH was able to degrade naphthylaminesulfonic azo dye Amaranth in plain distilled water within 6 h at 50 mg l(-1) dye concentration. Studies were carried out to find the optimum physical conditions and which came out to be pH 7 and temperature 30 °C. Amaranth could also be decolorized at concentration 500 mg l(-1). Presence of Zn and Hg ions could strongly slow down the decolorization process, whereas decolorization progressed rapidly in presence of Mn. Decolorization rate was increased with increasing cell mass. Induction in intracellular and extracellular activities of tyrosinase and NADH-DCIP reductase along with intracellular laccase and veratryl alcohol oxidase indicated their co-ordinate action during dye biodegradation. Up-flow bioreactor studies with alginate immobilized cells proved the capability of strain to degrade Amaranth in continuous process at 20 ml h(-1) flow rate. Various analytical studies viz.--HPLC, HPTLC, and FTIR gave the confirmation that decolorization was due to biodegradation. From GC-MS analysis, various metabolites were detected, and possible degradation pathway was predicted. Toxicity studies carried out with Allium cepa L. through the assessment of various antioxidant enzymes viz. sulphur oxide dismutase, guaiacol peroxidase, and catalase along with estimation of lipid peroxidation and protein oxidation levels conclusively demonstrated that oxidative stress was generated by Amaranth.

Biodegradation and detoxification of textile dye Disperse Red 54 by Brevibacillus laterosporus and determination of its metabolic fate

“…Riboflavin reductase was absent in the control set, but its activity was significantly increased during the biodegradation of DR54, suggesting that this particular enzyme was instantly synthesized upon exposure to DR54. The positive role and action of these oxidative and reductive enzymes in the biodegradation of various recalcitrant textile dyes such as Green HE4B (12), Remazol red, Rubine GFL (21), Acid Violet 19, Amaranth (20,37), and mixtures of dyes (28) have been reported.…”

Metabolites characterisation of laccase mediated Reactive Black 5 biodegradation by fast growing ascomycete fungus Trichoderma atroviride F03

“…Demand for the utilization of synthetic dyes has increased worldwide, as more than 3000 azo dyes are used by various industries (Jadhav et al, 2013). The higher utilization of azo dye, Reactive Black 5 (RB5) by these industries is due to its excellent properties in limiting energy consumption, remaining economical, producing brilliant colours, and containing reactive groups (-SO 4 À Na þ ) that bond covalently to cellulose, which reduces the amount of colour lost during textile dyeing (Chen et al, 2011).…”

Role of microorganisms in biodegradation of food additive Azo dyes: A review

“…Amaranth dye can cause allergic, respiratory diseases, and human and animal tumors (Mittal et al, 2005). This dye could be mutagenic agent, genotoxic and carcinogenic (Jabeen et al, 2013;Jadhav et al, 2013). Considering its potential for hazardous toxicity, amaranth dye has been banned in many countries (Jadhav et al, 2013;Karkmaz et al, 2004).…”