Bat Rabies in the United States and Canada from 1950 through 2007: Human Cases With and Without Bat Contact

Serres, Gaston De; Dallaire, Frédéric; Côté, Mathieu; Skowronski, Danuta M.

doi:10.1086/586745

Cited by 79 publications

(57 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…Molecular detection methods are highly sensitive for diagnosis (1)(2)(3)5,10,11,(14)(15)(16)(17)(18)24,32,(38)(39)(40)(41)(42), although, like all laboratory methods, they require standardization and stringent quality control. Lyssavirus RNA can be detected and amplified not only from brain tissue but also from other biological fluids and tissue samples (e.g.…”

Section: Viral Rna Detectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In most cases, these differences can be used to identify the principal animal hosts (e.g. bat, dog, fox) and to infer the source of infection when a definitive history of exposure is lacking (1)(2)(3)5,(10)(11)(12)(14)(15)(16)(17)29,32,33,(38)(39)(40)(41)(42) …”

Section: Virus Identification With Molecular Techniques: Epidemiologimentioning

confidence: 99%

“…WHO has recommended the use of monoclonal antibody 'cocktails' containing at least two antibodies against rabies virus, as alternatives for rabies immunoglobulins in post-exposure prophylaxis (36). A fully human monoclonal antibody cocktail is being evaluated for clinical safety and efficacy (37), and WHO is designing a humanized mouse monoclonal antibody cocktail for use in post-exposure prophylaxis for developing countries (38). WHO monoclonal antibodies have been licensed to a number of development partners for commercialization, and one initiated a phase-I clinical evaluation of a cocktail in 2012.…”

Section: Rabies Immunoglobulinsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Spillover to other animals is observed frequently. Although the incidence of human rabies is low in temperate North America, nearly 50% of cases are caused by bat-associated rabies virus (38). The silver-haired bat (Lasionycteris noctivagans) and the eastern tri-coloured bat (Parasrellus subflavus) play key roles in transmitting bat rabies to humans.…”

Section: Rabies In Insectivorous Bats In the Americasmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Rabies in a Dog Imported from Egypt with a Falsified Rabies Vaccination Certificate — Virginia, 2015

Sinclair¹,

Wallace²,

Gruszynski³

et al. 2015

MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep.

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Section: Viral Rna Detectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Virus Identification With Molecular Techniques: Epidemiologimentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Rabies Immunoglobulinsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Rabies In Insectivorous Bats In the Americasmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Rabies in a Dog Imported from Egypt with a Falsified Rabies Vaccination Certificate — Virginia, 2015

Sinclair¹,

Wallace²,

Gruszynski³

et al. 2015

MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

“…1,2 Canine rabies is common in most of the world, but in the United States and Canada most human rabies is acquired from bats and less frequently from raccoons, skunks, coyotes, and foxes. [3][4][5] The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) conducts annual surveillance for animal and human rabies in the United States. 5 Despite the decline in the total number of human rabies cases, the number of bat-associated human rabies have tripled from 1950 to 2007.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Case of Fatal Serotonin Syndrome–Like Human Rabies Caused by Tricolored Bat–Associated Rabies Virus

Regunath

Chinnakotla

Rojas-Moreno

et al. 2016

The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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Rabies: Virus and Disease

Nadin-Davis¹

2010

Encyclopedia of Life Sciences

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Rabies is an acute encephalomyelitis, caused by a group of genetically related lyssaviruses. The primary sources of rabies are major animal reservoirs in the orders Chiroptera and Carnivora, although this deadly zoonosis may affect all mammals, including humans. Despite the availability of biologicals that are efficacious in preventing the disease, once clinical signs develop, the disease is almost invariably fatal and kills over 50 000 people annually. The most effective control measures involve parenteral dog vaccination and oral vaccination of wildlife. Genetic analysis of lyssaviruses is extending our understanding of their diversity and evolution. The mechanisms that contribute to viral pathogenesis are being explored by studying the molecular interactions of the viral components with host cell factors. Such knowledge may provide for new less costly vaccines and effective therapeutic interventions in the future. Key Concepts: Rabies is a neurological disease that can affect almost all mammals and is almost invariably fatal once clinical signs develop. Rabies is caused by all members of the Lyssavirus genus, bullet‐shaped neurotropic viruses with small RNA genomes, which are normally transmitted in virus‐laden saliva through bites. Humans rarely transmit the disease to other humans but are exposed through contact with rabid animals. Prevention of human disease is undertaken by a regimen of timely post‐exposure prophylaxis. Distinct Lyssavirus species and variants thereof are maintained in dogs in the developing world and by several wildlife species including foxes, skunks, raccoons, raccoon dogs, mongooses, jackals and many species of bats. Through a series of viral–host interactions, rabies virus has evolved mechanisms that maintain the neural network required for its propagation and spread within the infected host while avoiding clearance by the host's immune system. Knowledge of the diversity of the Lyssavirus genus is steadily expanding with increased surveillance and development of molecular tools to enable rapid characterisation of new isolates. Current vaccines and biologicals are ineffective against the more diverse members of the genus thereby indicating that additional novel reagents may be required in the future. Ultimately, control and eradication of rabies will require elimination of the disease from animal reservoirs through the application of efficacious and cost‐effective methods of animal vaccination.

show abstract

Bat Rabies in the United States and Canada from 1950 through 2007: Human Cases With and Without Bat Contact

Abstract: The true preventable proportion of cases and the number needed to treat with rabies postexposure prophylaxis to prevent 1 case would be useful information to inform the current guidelines.

Cited by 79 publications

References 16 publications

Rabies in a Dog Imported from Egypt with a Falsified Rabies Vaccination Certificate — Virginia, 2015

Rabies in a Dog Imported from Egypt with a Falsified Rabies Vaccination Certificate — Virginia, 2015

A Case of Fatal Serotonin Syndrome–Like Human Rabies Caused by Tricolored Bat–Associated Rabies Virus

Rabies: Virus and Disease

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