Bat Immunology

Baker, Michelle L.; Zhou, Peng

doi:10.1002/9781118818824.ch14

Cited by 9 publications

(9 citation statements)

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“…Moreover, in another study, bats excreted Nipah virus in urine while neutralizing antibody was present in the serum [ 26 ]. Together, these studies indicated that antibodies may not be the primary driver of henipavirus clearance in bats [ 55 ]. Reinfection experiments with Nipah virus were inconclusive; most bats did not respond to the first inoculation with productive infections [ 25 ].…”

Section: Current Evidence For Potential Mechanismsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transmission or Within-Host Dynamics Driving Pulses of Zoonotic Viruses in Reservoir–Host Populations

et al. 2016

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Progress in combatting zoonoses that emerge from wildlife is often constrained by limited knowledge of the biology of pathogens within reservoir hosts. We focus on the host–pathogen dynamics of four emerging viruses associated with bats: Hendra, Nipah, Ebola, and Marburg viruses. Spillover of bat infections to humans and domestic animals often coincides with pulses of viral excretion within bat populations, but the mechanisms driving such pulses are unclear. Three hypotheses dominate current research on these emerging bat infections. First, pulses of viral excretion could reflect seasonal epidemic cycles driven by natural variations in population densities and contact rates among hosts. If lifelong immunity follows recovery, viruses may disappear locally but persist globally through migration; in either case, new outbreaks occur once births replenish the susceptible pool. Second, epidemic cycles could be the result of waning immunity within bats, allowing local circulation of viruses through oscillating herd immunity. Third, pulses could be generated by episodic shedding from persistently infected bats through a combination of physiological and ecological factors. The three scenarios can yield similar patterns in epidemiological surveys, but strategies to predict or manage spillover risk resulting from each scenario will be different. We outline an agenda for research on viruses emerging from bats that would allow for differentiation among the scenarios and inform development of evidence-based interventions to limit threats to human and animal health. These concepts and methods are applicable to a wide range of pathogens that affect humans, domestic animals, and wildlife.

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Section: Current Evidence For Potential Mechanismsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transmission or Within-Host Dynamics Driving Pulses of Zoonotic Viruses in Reservoir–Host Populations

et al. 2016

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“…It is also suggested that bats may have adapted certain immune mechanisms that also aid in the establishment of a unique host-virus relationship (O'Shea et al, 2014), although the mechanisms underlying disease tolerance in bats remains largely unknown. One hypothesis proposed by (Baker and Zhou, 2015) suggests that bats are able to control viral replication early on in the immune response, via antiviral mechanisms and the stimulation of ISGs. There are two types of immunity shown in bats; innate and adaptive, innate immunity is the first line of defence against viruses and primes the adaptive response against the virus.…”

Section: The Bat Interferon System Backgroundmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Genomic analysis of TLR7 has indicated that it had evolved quicker in bats than other mammals; however, its function in bats still remains largely unknown. Baker and Zhou (2015) have suggested that the coevolution of viruses and bats may have caused changes in TLR7 that affect ssRNA recognition in bats.…”

Section: Bat Pattern Recognition Receptorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Since then, countless studies have been conducted in investigating the functional dynamics of IFNs in mammals. Three types of IFN exist in humans (type I, II, and III), which are categorized according to their amino acid sequences and their cognate receptor complex (Baker and Zhou, 2015). Type I IFNs consist of several genes including IFNa and IFNb, which are both induced directly in response to viral infection, alongside IFNd, IFNk, IFNϵ, and IFNw, which all play less well-defined roles (Randall and Goodbourn, 2008).…”

Section: An Introduction To the Interferon Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Fundamental Characteristics of Bat Interferon Systems

Clayton

Munir

2020

Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol.

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Interferons are an essential component of the innate arm of the immune system and are arguably one of the most important lines of defence against viruses. The human IFN system and its functionality has already been largely characterized and studied in detail. However, the IFN systems of bats have only been marginally examined to date up until the recent developments of the Bat1k project which have now opened new opportunities in research by identifying six new bat genomes to possess novel genes that are likely associated with viral tolerance exhibited in bats. Interestingly, bats have been hypothesized to possess the ability to establish a host-virus relationship where despite being infected, they exhibit limited signs of disease and still retain the ability to transmit the disease into other susceptible hosts. Bats are one of the most abundant and widespread vertebrates on the planet and host many zoonotic viruses that are highly pathogenic to humans. Several genomics, immunological, and biological features are thought to underlie novel antiviral mechanisms of bats. This review aims to explore the bat IFN system and developments in its diverse IFN features, focusing mainly on the model species, the Australian black flying fox (Pteropus alecto), while also highlighting bat innate immunity as an exciting and fruitful area of research to understand their ability to control viral-mediated pathogenesis.

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“…In R. sedulus a large proportion of leukocytes consisted of lymphocytes (36.73 ± 24.28%), a cell type that is used to counter viral infections by killing infected cells and the activation of the cytokine and antibody response (Baker and Zhou, 2015). Therefore, R. sedulus with low leukocyte numbers might be particularly prone to shed pathogens, potentially causing zoonotic spillovers when humans come into contact with this species.…”

Section: Effect Of Habitat Alteration On Total White Blood Cell Countsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Habitat disturbance results in chronic stress and impaired health status in forest-dwelling paleotropical bats

Seltmann

Czirják

Courtiol

et al. 2017

Conservation Physiology

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Bat Immunology

Cited by 9 publications

References 107 publications

Transmission or Within-Host Dynamics Driving Pulses of Zoonotic Viruses in Reservoir–Host Populations

Transmission or Within-Host Dynamics Driving Pulses of Zoonotic Viruses in Reservoir–Host Populations

Fundamental Characteristics of Bat Interferon Systems

Habitat disturbance results in chronic stress and impaired health status in forest-dwelling paleotropical bats

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