Basophils: Important emerging players in allergic and anti‐parasite responses

Schwartz, Christian; Voehringer, David

doi:10.1002/bies.201100028

Cited by 11 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…Basophil in vivo functions could be elucidated by selective depletion of basophils with antibodies or use of genetically basophil‐depleted mouse strains. These studies resulted in controversial findings, which are not subject of this mini‐review and are discussed elsewhere . Basophils express a variety of cytokine receptors and can therefore respond to numerous extrinsic signals that regulate their development, homeostasis, and effector function.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Basophil modulation by cytokine instruction

Voehringer

2012

Eur J Immunol

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Basophils have recently been recognized as critical effector cells in allergic reactions and protective immunity against helminths. Precise characterization of basophil biology could help to develop specific therapies that interfere with differentiation, tissue recruitment, or induction of effector functions and thereby ameliorate allergic disorders. The development, homeostasis, and effector functions of basophils are tightly regulated by extrinsic signals and in particular by cytokines. IL-3, GM-CSF, and thymic stromal lymphopoietin activate the STAT5 pathway that promotes proliferation, activation, and cytokine secretion but also induces a negative feedback loop via Pim-1 and SOCS proteins. Basophils further express receptors for IL-18 and IL-33, which are associated with the signaling adaptor MyD88 and activate the NF-κB and MAP kinase pathways. This review focuses on positive and negative regulation of basophils by these cytokines.Keywords: Basophilia r IL-3 r IL-18 r IL-33 r TSLP IntroductionBasophils are a subset of granulocytes and constitute less than 1% of circulating leukocytes in the peripheral blood. However, they increase in number and are recruited to sites of inflammation especially during immune responses against allergens or parasites. Basophils are closely related to mast cells as both cell types express the high-affinity receptor for IgE and a similar set of effector molecules, including histamine and Th2-associated cytokines. However, in contrast to mast cells, mature basophils lack the receptor tyrosine kinase c-Kit, express distinct serine proteases, can rapidly be mobilized from precursor cells during inflammatory conditions, and have a much shorter lifespan. Basophil in vivo functions could be elucidated by selective depletion of basophils with antibodies or use of genetically basophil-depleted mouse strains. These studies resulted in controversial findings, which are not subject of this mini-review and are discussed elsewhere [1][2][3][4][5]. Basophils express a variety of cytokine receptors and can therefore respond to numerous extrinsic signals that regulate their development, homeostasis, and effector function. Recent studies revealed Correspondence: Prof. David Voehringer e-mail: david.voehringer@uk-erlangen.de novel insights in the regulation of basophil biology by cytokines of the hematopoietin family or the IL-1 family as outlined below. Cytokine families and their receptorsCytokines are small soluble proteins that regulate the generation, survival, and function of cells by binding to cell surface receptors. They can be grouped into different families based on structural features. Type I (or hematopoietic) cytokines adopt a four-helix bundle structure. Their heteromeric receptors are composed of ligand-specific chains that pair with signal-transducing chains used by a number of different cytokines. The common gamma chain (γ c ) is used by members of the IL-2 family (IL-2, IL-4, IL-7, IL-9, IL-13, IL-15, and IL-21). The gp130 chain is used by IL-6 family members and the common bet...

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Basophil modulation by cytokine instruction

Voehringer

2012

Eur J Immunol

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“…In hookworms, basophils have been reported to protect against reinfection with Nippostrongylus brasiliensis, independently of mast cells and memory T helper 2 (Th2) cells [ 33 ]. There is a low probability of basophils acquiring a “memory” phenotype after their first encounter with a parasite, because they have a life span of several dozen hours and hence, could not persist until a secondary exposure [ 34 ]. Yet the presence of a parasite could induce changes in hematopoiesis [ 35 ], leading to epigenetic and transcriptomic changes in the progenitor cell subpopulation of basophils, which induces a long-term protective innate immune memory, a common feature of trained immunity [ 36 , 37 ].…”

Section: Cells Mediating the Trained Immunitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Trained Immunity as an Adaptive Branch of Innate Immunity

Větvička

Šíma

Vannucci

2021

IJMS

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The concept of trained immunity has become one of the most interesting and potentially commercially and clinically relevant ideas of current immunology. Trained immunity is realized by the epigenetic reprogramming of non-immunocompetent cells, primarily monocytes/macrophages and natural killer (NK) cells, and is less specific than adaptive immunity; therefore, it may cross-protect against other infectious agents. It remains possible, however, that some of the observed changes are simply caused by increased levels of immune reactions resulting from supplementation with immunomodulators, such as glucan. In addition, the question of whether we can talk about trained immunity in cells with a life span of only few days is still unresolved.

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“…Given that basophils are an important source of IL-4 and IL-13 under parasitic infections (Sullivan et al, 2011), and since both cytokines are required for the enhanced worm expulsion, it is likely that the lack of both cytokines from this source, could affect the ability to resolve the infection during a reinfection challenge. In this context, it is unlikely to assume that the basophils exposed to a first encounter with a parasite, could acquire a trained phenotype; mainly because basophils have a life span of 60 hours and hence, could not persist until a secondary exposure (Schwartz & Voehringer, 2011). Alternatively, it has been recently shown that infection can induce changes in haematopoiesis during infection (Glatman Zaretsky, Engiles, & Hunter, 2014), which can lead to changes in epigenetic and transcriptomic signatures, thus conferring progenitors the ability to generate a protective innate immunity against distinct pathogens.…”

Section: Mechanisms For Trained Immunitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Memoria inmunológica innata, la pieza faltante de la respuesta inmunológica

2018

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Evidencia acumulada en la década pasada, ha demostrado una capacidad del compartimento inmune innato que había pasado desapercibida, esta es la habilidad inesperada de las células innatas de mejorar su respuesta frente a una reexposición inmunológica. Esta capacidad se conoce como inmunidad entrenada y se parece a la memoria inmunológica adaptativa, sin embargo, carece de la especificidad de reconocimiento antigénico propio de los linfocitos. Mecanísticamente, este tipo de memoria o inmunidad entrenada, a diferencia de la recombinación somática e hipermutación de receptores antígeno-específicos en la memoria adaptativa; depende de receptores de reconocimiento de patrones y cambios metabólicos que llevan a modificaciones a largo plazo en el escenario epigenético, predisponiendo a la cromatina a expresar citocinas inflamatorias ante una re-exposición patogénica. En esta revisión resumiremos y discutiremos los avances científicos dilucidando las diferentes poblaciones innatas con propiedades de memoria, sus receptores, moléculas río abajo y citocinas efectoras involucradas en el desarrollo y mantenimiento de la memoria entrenada. Esta nueva evidencia rompe con un dogma muy importante en inmunología, eliminando las barreras que separan los compartimentos innatos y adaptativos del sistema immune, y posiciona a la memoria inmunológica como un mecanismo compartido por todos los tipos celulares inmunes capaz de proveer al hospedero de protección a largo plazo.

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Basophils: Important emerging players in allergic and anti‐parasite responses

Cited by 11 publications

References 27 publications

Basophil modulation by cytokine instruction

Basophil modulation by cytokine instruction

Trained Immunity as an Adaptive Branch of Innate Immunity

Memoria inmunológica innata, la pieza faltante de la respuesta inmunológica

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