Basic Structure of the Villous Trees

Benirschke, Kurt; Burton, Graham J.; Baergen, Rebecca N.

doi:10.1007/978-3-642-23941-0_6

Cited by 41 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 367 publications

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“…These include cytotrophoblast which is the germinative component, syncytiotrophoblast which is the terminally differentiated component and responsible for most of the functional activity of trophoblast and intermediate trophoblast (extra-villous trophoblast) which plays an important role in establishing the maternal-fetal blood circulation[16-18]. Among the various trophoblastic subpopulations, syncytiotrophoblast forms a continuous layer of tissue that extends and covers all surfaces of villous trees and part of the inner surface of chorionic and basal plates[17] where it is immersed in the maternal blood in the inter-villous space. In contrast, intermediate trophoblastic cells are in close contact with immune cells either in the implantation site or in fetal membranes.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

PD-L1 Expression in Human Placentas and Gestational Trophoblastic Diseases

Veras

Kurman²,

Wang³

et al. 2017

International Journal of Gynecological Pathology

158

112

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One of the major immune checkpoints responsible for immune evasion in cancer cells is the interaction between programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) and its ligand (PD-L1). Since human trophoblastic cells display many of the features of malignant cells such as the ability to invade normal tissue including blood vessels and are apparently not eradicated by the host immune system, we undertook the present study to determine whether PD-L1 was upregulated in different types of trophoblastic cells during normal pregnancy and in gestational trophoblastic diseases. Immunohistochemistry using an anti-PD-L1 specific antibody demonstrated that in early and term normal placentas, PD-L1 was highly expressed in syncytiotrophoblast and to a much lower extent in intermediate trophoblastic cells located in the chorion laeve and implantation site. PD-L1 immunoreactivity was undetectable in cytotrophoblastic cells. This staining pattern in normal placenta was recapitulated in various types of gestational trophoblastic disease. PD-L1 was highly expressed by syncytiotrophoblast in complete moles and choriocarcinomas. The intermediate trophoblastic neoplasms, placental site trophoblastic tumors and epithelioid trophoblastic tumors, showed variable PD-L1 immunoreactivity but at a lower intensity than in the neoplastic syncytiotrophoblast in choriocarcinoma. In addition, we observed PD-1 positive lymphocytes located within the implantation site and in trophoblastic tumors. In summary, this study describes a novel mechanism for trophoblastic cells to create a tolerogenic feto-maternal interface by upregulating PD-L1 in syncytiotrophoblast and in intermediate trophoblast. Trophoblastic tumors may also use PD-L1 expression to evade the host immune response thereby promoting their survival.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

PD-L1 Expression in Human Placentas and Gestational Trophoblastic Diseases

Veras

Kurman²,

Wang³

et al. 2017

International Journal of Gynecological Pathology

158

112

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…This wider definition also encompasses villous and non-villous structures during multiple stage of gestation, including primary and secondary villi, villous columns of extravillous trophoblasts, extravillous trophoblast islands, the chorionic plate, smooth chorion, septa, basal plate, placental bed, utero-placental arteries and veins, the fibrinous matrix and decidua. [29][30][31] At the third or fourth day post-conception, the totipotent cells of the blastocyst divide asymmetrically, giving rise to two distinct cell populations: trophoblastic cells and embryonic cells. The maternal-fetal interface consists of fetal-derived trophoblasts (TBs), progenitor cells that will differentiate into proliferative cytotrophoblasts (CTBs), and syncytiotrophoblasts (STBs) formed by the fusion of the CTBs (Fig.…”

Section: Placental Architecturementioning

confidence: 99%

“…1 -18 days). [29][30][31] HBCs are macrophages that appear in the chorionic villi on the 18th day of gestation and are present until term. 32 HBCs are M2 macrophages located under the STB layer, adjacent to fetal capillaries, forming a critical site to protect the fetus against pathogens migrating from the mother.…”

Section: Placental Architecturementioning

confidence: 99%

Maternal-fetal transmission of the zika virus: An intriguing interplay

2018

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In this review, we give an overview of aspects related to the congenital transmission of the Zika virus (ZIKV). Although we acknowledge that important advances in research on ZIKV pathogenesis have come from studies using animal models, particularly non-human primates, this review emphasizes studies using ex-vivo human cells and tissues as well as natural infections in pregnant women. The possible routes used by ZIKV to cross or breach the placental barrier and infect the fetal central nervous system are presented. Understanding the viral infection biology and ZIKV pathogenesis during pregnancy may guide the design of affordable antiviral strategies to benefit pregnant women in areas at risk.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…This syncytiotrophoblast is responsible for the transfer of nutrients, oxygen and antibodies to the fetus and produces a set of pregnancy-regulating hormones, protects the fetus from rejection by the maternal immune system, and is a barrier for infections (Benirschke et al 2012). This multinucleated layer is maintained and replenished by fusion of underlying mononucleated cytotrophoblasts (Benirschke et al 2012). Disturbance of the trophoblast fusion process leads to placental pathologies that may contribute to pregnancy disorders such as preeclampsia; hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes and low platelets (HELLP)-syndrome; and intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) (Gauster et al 2009;Langbein et al 2008;Lee et al 2001).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phospholipid scramblase 1 (PLSCR1) in villous trophoblast of the human placenta

Berghold

Gauster

Hemmings

et al. 2014

Histochem Cell Biol

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A crucial factor for effective villous trophoblast fusion in the human placenta is the transient deregulation of plasma membrane phospholipid asymmetry leading to externalization of phosphatidylserine to the outer membrane leaflet. Screening of scramblase family members implicated in the collapse of phospholipid asymmetry revealed that phospholipid scramblase 1 (PLSCR1) is strongly expressed in villous trophoblast. Therefore, we assessed the putative role of PLSCR1 in villous trophoblast fusion. Spatio-temporal analysis in first trimester and term placenta showed abundant expression of PLSCR1 in syncytiotrophoblast, macrophages and endothelial cells, while it was virtually absent in villous cytotrophoblasts. For functional studies, BeWo cells, isolated primary term trophoblasts and first trimester villous explants were used. During forskolin-mediated BeWo cell differentiation, neither PLSCR1 mRNA nor protein levels showed significant changes. In contrast, when primary trophoblasts were stimulated with Br-cAMP, a decrease in PLSCR1 mRNA and protein expression was observed. To elucidate a role for PLSCR1 in syncytialization, we used RNA interference and a chemical scramblase inhibitor, R5421 (ethanedioic acid). Silencing of PLSCR1 using siRNA had no effects while inhibition of scramblase activity by R5421 increased GCM-1 mRNA expression, beta-hCG protein secretion and fusion rates of BeWo cells. In primary trophoblasts and villous explants, no effects of siRNA or R5421 treatment on fusion were detected. This study provides data on PLSCR1 localization and general expression in the human placenta. The data make it tempting to speculate on a role of PLSCR1 in negatively regulating trophoblast fusion.

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Basic Structure of the Villous Trees

Cited by 41 publications

References 367 publications

PD-L1 Expression in Human Placentas and Gestational Trophoblastic Diseases

PD-L1 Expression in Human Placentas and Gestational Trophoblastic Diseases

Maternal-fetal transmission of the zika virus: An intriguing interplay

Phospholipid scramblase 1 (PLSCR1) in villous trophoblast of the human placenta

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