Basic Principles of Operant Conditioning

Murphy, Eric S.; Lupfer, Gwen

doi:10.1002/9781118468135.ch8

Cited by 14 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 85 publications

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“…Cattle can be trained using classical and operant conditioning techniques, but as a gregarious species, they also learn through social facilitation [ 19 , 20 ]. The herd setting provides individual animals in differing ways in which they can learn from their conspecifics.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Observational learning is common, which involves animals visually observing conspecifics and responding, rather than through direct experience [ 21 ]. Across species, individuals have been shown to imitate the behaviour of conspecifics, regarding movement patterns [ 22 ], foraging methods [ 23 ] and even social interactions [ 19 , 23 , 24 ]. In nature, social facilitation has benefits for survival (such as learning) to avoid danger (such as from predation or, consuming toxic flora [ 24 ]), and for cattle, this can be learning how to graze [ 25 ] and locating resources [ 26 , 27 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Should Dairy Cattle Be Trained to a Virtual Fence System as Individuals or in Groups?

Colusso

Clark

Lomax

2020

Animals

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Pre-commercial virtual fence (VF) neckbands (eShepherd®, Agersens, Melbourne, Vic, Australia) can contain cows within a designated area without the need for physical fencing, through associative learning of a paired audio tone and electrical pulse. Cattle are gregarious, so there may be an impact of herd mates on the learning process. To evaluate this, a VF was set 30 m down one of three test paddocks with a feed attractant 70 m past the VF. Twenty-three Holstein-Friesian cows were all fitted with VF neckbands and trained as individuals or in groups (5–6) for four 10 min tests; then, cows were crossed over to the alternate context for two more 10 min tests. The number of cows breaking through the VF and the number of paired stimuli reduced across time (from 82% to 26% and 45% to 14%, respectively, p < 0.01). Cows trained in a group (88%) were more likely to interact with the VF in the crossover compared to those trained as individuals (36%) (p < 0.01), indicating an influence of group members on individual cow response. Individual training is impractical, therefore, future research should evaluate group training protocols ensuring all cows learn the VF to avoid any adverse impacts on animal welfare.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Should Dairy Cattle Be Trained to a Virtual Fence System as Individuals or in Groups?

Colusso

Clark

Lomax

2020

Animals

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“…Skinner describes four consequences following an event that alter the frequency of a behaviour. The consequences fall in to two categories; reinforcement or punishment (Murphy & Lupfer, 2014).…”

Section: Behavioural Theorymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Positive reinforcement occurs when a rewarding stimulus is presented following a behaviour that increases the frequency of the behaviour (Murphy & Lupfer, 2014). Negative reinforcement occurs when a stimulus is not presented or removed following a behaviour that increases the frequency of the behaviour (Murphy & Lupfer, 2014).…”

Section: Behavioural Theorymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Behavioural Activation for Low Mood in Multiple Sclerosis

2019

CMR

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Purpose: People with secondary progressive multiple sclerosis (MS) experience high rates of depression. Behavioural activation may represent an accessible therapeutic intervention for this group. We aimed to: (a) examine preliminary evidence of efficacy of a behavioural activation intervention, for people with secondary progressive MS experiencing low mood; (b) understand the feasibility of recruiting, retaining, and delivering the intervention; (c) explore whether/how the intervention has a positive impact on mood, fatigue, and quality of life (QoL) using process measures; and (d) understand participants' experience of the intervention.Research method/design: A mixed-method multiple single-case experimental design was used to investigate the effectiveness of a fivesession behavioural activation intervention on depression for people with secondary progressive MS. An AB design was used, and intervention was delivered after establishing a stable baseline for depression on the Patient Health Questionnaire 2. Depression was measured using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale -depression subscale and activation was measured using the Behavioural Activation for Depression Scale -Short Form. The intervention was delivered using an initial face-to-face session followed by telephone or Skype-delivered sessions. Data were analysed using visual analysis (conservative dual-criterion and percentage exceeding the median) and reliable and clinically significant change analysis. Postintervention change interviews were completed and analysed using framework analysis. Results: Eight people were recruited, of which six established a stable baseline and proceeded to intervention. Five participants completed the intervention and one participant withdrew. Five participants, including the participant who withdrew, completed change interviews. Systematic reduction in depression was observed in three of five completers andTable of Contents Portfolio abstract .

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