Basic Copper Arsenate—A New Insecticide: II. Insecticide and Phytotoxity Studies*

Waters, Harold A.; Witman, E. D.; Delong, D M

doi:10.1093/jee/32.1.144

Cited by 3 publications

(2 citation statements)

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“…The arsenates of other metals, such as manganese and magnesium, have been used, generally as mixtures of the more basic compounds. Basic copper arsenate can be made in pure form with a uniform particle size, and has had some use (30,32). Numerous other metallic arsenates have been tried, usually with only moderate success.…”

Section: Toxic Elementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Inorganic Insecticides

Norton¹

1948

Ind. Eng. Chem.

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T h e ionic nature of the inorganic insecticides results in easier penetration through the gut wall than through the integument of the insect, in the retention of toxicity of an ion in different combinations, and in high stability. The absorption of a toxic ion occurs mainly from solution, so that the potential toxicity of an ion is modified by its solubility from its compounds in the digestive juices of insects. A limited number of elements form compounds sufficiently toxic for practical insecticidal use. The arsenites are more toxic to insects than the arsenates but less suitable for use on plants because of greater solubility and plant injury. Similar considerations of solubility and phytotoxicity apply to the fluorine compounds, which rival the arsenicals in versatility. The importance of insect kill through the physical action of chemically inert materials such as mineral diluents and carriers has only recently been fully recognized.OMPARATIVELY little work has been done in the past C few years on the inorganic insecticides because the extremely rapid development in the organic field has concentrated interest sharply in that direction. Consequently the present paper is designed as a review of the most significant properties and problems of the inorganic materials, based on work most of which is not new. The organic insecticides have displaced the inorganic in many applications, but there are numerous situations in which the inorganic are still to be preferred because of superior effectiveness, safety to foliage, lack of high toxicity to parasites and predators of the insect pest, or more fully understood pharmacological properties.The inorganic insecticides differ sharply from the organic in several particulars. Many of these differences arise from the largely ionic and relatively simple composition of the inorganic compounds. The insect integument is less permeable to water and ions than to organic and other poorly ionized compounds.Good lipoid solubility appears to favor penetration of this barrier and to increase the rate and extent of contact action of organic compounds (1 1 ) . Acidification of the highly ionized sodium arsenite in solution to give the poorly ionized arsenious acid increases the penetration of arsenic into mosquito pupae (9).Similar results have been obtained with other compounds. On the other hand, portions of the digestive tract are more permeable to ions and simpler molecules, so that the inorganic materials are easily absorbed from solution. Although there is some overlapping, i t is consequently found that most organic insecticides function best in contact with the outer parts of the insect, whereas most of the inorganic are best as stomach poisons, absorbed through the gut wall after ingestion.A second conkquence of the ionic nature of the inorganic toxicants is that the effect depends chiefly on the concentration of the one toxic ion in solution (33) and little on its original state of combination. In practice the different compounds of the same ion may show considerable differen...

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Section: Toxic Elementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Inorganic Insecticides

Norton¹

1948

Ind. Eng. Chem.

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“…These six compounds are characterized by a high degree of stability and insolubility, a sufficient explanation of their lack of toxicity. The promising results obtained by Waters et al (1939) with the basic arsenate are perhaps due to their tests being on fungi in agar culture.…”

Section: -1mentioning

confidence: 99%