“…The 1-D simulation approach has previously been used to model spray drying operations due to its ability to predict a product's moisture, temperature and velocity profiles throughout drying [30,31,48,66,70,72,73,109,112]. Three main components to formulate the 1-D simulation tool for modeling spray drying processes are (1) drying kinetics data from laboratory-scale experiments and drying kinetics model, (2) a set of appropriate mathematical equations, and (3) a process calculation tool (e.g.…”