Basic and neutral route specific impurities in MDMA prepared by different synthesis methods

Świst, M.; Wilamowski, Jarosław; Parczewski, A.

doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2004.11.003

Cited by 24 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…Örnek tabletlerden elde edilen farklı pH'lardaki özütleme-lerde MDMA sentezi esnasında oluştuğu değerlendirilen 16 bileşenin bulunduğu belirlendi. Bu 16 adet bileşenin tanımlamaları yapıldı (1,7,(11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17). Tablo 1'de gösterilen kütle pikleri ve açık formülleri belirtilen bileşenlerin oluşum kaynakları şöyledir:…”

Section: Discussionunclassified

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Determination of the Organic Compounds in Synthetic Tablets Containing MDMA (Ecstasy)

Bora¹,

Nuralin²,

Senocak³

et al. 2014

Adli Tip Derg

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Section: Discussionunclassified

“…3,4-metilendioksimetamfetamin (7 numaralı pik), ekstazinin aktif maddesidir (1,7,9,(11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17).…”

Section: Discussionunclassified

Determination of the Organic Compounds in Synthetic Tablets Containing MDMA (Ecstasy)

Bora¹,

Nuralin²,

Senocak³

et al. 2014

Adli Tip Derg

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“…In the USA, about 0.9 million people consumed MDMA in 2010 . Major commercial synthetic routes to MDMA ( 4 ) use safrole as the starting material . Safrole is oxidized to 3,4‐methylenedioxyphenyl‐2‐propanone (MDP2P) through isosafrole ( 2 ) or piperonal ( 3 ) intermediates.…”

Section: Chemistry Of Safrolementioning

confidence: 99%

Review on safrole: identity shift of the ‘candy shop’ aroma to a carcinogen and deforester

Kemprai

Mahanta

Sut

et al. 2019

Flavour & Fragrance J

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Safrole, a phenylpropene with a ‘candy shop’ aroma, is abundant in nature among diverse plant genera such as Sassafras, Ocotea, Cinnamomum, Myristica, and Piper. Sassafras oil has been used extensively for a long time, first by Native Americans and later by European settlers in traditional medicine and as a flavouring agent. Until 1960 the consumption of safrole by the western population, as a flavouring agent in beer, meat, and soft drinks, was unregulated. Later, the recognition of this phytochemical as a weak hepatocarcinogen with demonstrated genotoxicity in rodents led to strict restrictions on its use in food by various regulatory bodies globally. Moreover, in Asian countries oral carcinogenesis has been linked to safrole through the habit of chewing betel quid. As a separate issue, safrole is an inexpensive synthetic precursor to the illicit recreational drug Ecstasy. Accelerating demand for this party drug during the last few decades has encouraged the unscientific harvesting, illegal production, and trading of safrole‐rich oils, leading to massive deforestation. Recently, many government authorities have enforced laws to restrict the production and harvesting of safrole‐bearing plants. Thus, the identity of safrole has altered with time from a pleasant flavouring agent to a hepatocarcinogen, and more recently as a driver of the destruction of biodiversity. Law enforcement has not only hampered its availability but has also extensively affected industrial use. Our review describes the research progress (1960–2018) on its natural distribution, carcinogenicity, usage as a natural synthon, and the regulations imposed on safrole and safrole‐rich oils worldwide. Finally, we draw our readers’ attention to the sustainable use of this phytochemical for a better future.

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“…Traditionally, intelligence is established through chemical profiling, such as impurity profiling via combined Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GCMS) [1]. Traditional chemical profiling of high profile drugs such as 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) and methamphetamine (MA) has demonstrated the ability to provide information on the synthetic route employed in addition to identifying the precursor chemicals used in a drug's preparation by identifying traces of precursors and by-products [2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9]. Other profiling methods are available and one that has gained interest as a tool for discriminating between different precursor sources/preparative methods, [10][11][12][13][14][15][16] and linking drug seizures [17][18][19][20] for natural, synthetic and semi-synthetic drugs is isotopic profiling via Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry (IRMS).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Isotopic profiling of seized benzylpiperazine and trifluoromethylphenylpiperazine tablets using δ13C and δ15N stable isotopes

et al. 2015

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Basic and neutral route specific impurities in MDMA prepared by different synthesis methods

Cited by 24 publications

References 10 publications

Determination of the Organic Compounds in Synthetic Tablets Containing MDMA (Ecstasy)

Determination of the Organic Compounds in Synthetic Tablets Containing MDMA (Ecstasy)

Review on safrole: identity shift of the ‘candy shop’ aroma to a carcinogen and deforester

Isotopic profiling of seized benzylpiperazine and trifluoromethylphenylpiperazine tablets using δ13C and δ15N stable isotopes

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