Baseline Studies of the Clay Minerals Society Source Clays: Chemical Analyses of Major Elements

Abstract

Chemical analysis is an essential step to establish the nature of minerals (Newman, 1987). The techniques used in rock and mineral analyses are generally valid for the analyses of clays. Additional information from other analytical techniques, which are mentioned here, is needed for accurate interpretation of the chemical analysis results of major elements (Gabis, 1979). In traditional chemical analyses, the aim is to obtain accurate analyses for all elements present in the sample, in such a way that the sum of elements expressed as oxides, including hydration and structural water, approaches the sample weight as closely as possible.

Online differentiation of mineral phase in aerosol particles by ion formation mechanism using a LAAP-TOF single-particle mass spectrometer

“…Substitution of Si 4+ for Al 3+ ions in the tetrahedra produces a tetrahedral charge, while substitution of Al Source clays from the Clay Minerals Society (CMS) have been the subject of chemical, physical and thermodynamic analysis and therefore very well characterised. Average elemental composition of Si, Al, Fe(II), Fe(III), Mg, Ti, Mn, P, Ca, Na, K and H 2 O of the bulk sample is available (Mermut and Cano, 2001) and enables the construction of the precise structural formula. The structural formulae for the source clay samples used in this study are given in a format 198 N. A.…”

“…Marsden et al: Online differentiation of mineral phase Table 2. Structural formulae of source clays from the Clay Minerals Society calculated from elemental analysis (Mermut and Cano, 2001 Vogt et al (2002) that shows the average composition of the X-ions, Y-ions and tetrahedral layer in Table 2. Kaolinite (samples KGa-1b and KGa-2) has a 1 : 1 layer structure in which each layer contains one tetrahedral layer and one octahedral layer.…”

Extraction Methods for Quantifying Iron, Calcium and Magnesium in a Historic Brickwork Produced During the Spanish Colonial Period in the Philippines

“…Once the supernatant solution was determined free of chloride ions using AgNO3, the solution was centrifuged and decanted. Each sample residue was dried on an oven for 24 hours at 105⁰C (Mermut and Cano, 2001). Once dried, the procedure for aqua regia digestion was followed.…”

“…Since the brick is composed of clay, sample preparation techniques for rock and soil mineralogical analysis are generally applicable for this study (Mermut and Cano, 2001). Sample wet digestion is an essential preliminary method before quantification by AAS and aqua regia is effective in extracting the total recoverable metals in the clay brick sample (Chen and Ma, 2001).…”

“…Variations in sample extraction methods prior to aqua regia digestion were investigated. These methods are as follows: (a) Method 1 (M1) is digesting the sample directly with aqua regia, (b) Method 2 (M2) is washing the sample with NH4Cl and ethyl alcohol through an ion exchange mechanism with NH4Cl (Mermut and Cano, 2001;Carroll, 1959), (c) Method 3 (M3) is soaking the sample in freshly prepared aqua regia for 24 hours before digestion, and lastly, (d) Method 4 (M4) is a variation of M3, by soaking the sample in freshly prepared aqua regia for 48 hours prior to digestion to enable the bonds to loosen initially.…”