Baseline factors associated with smoking cessation and relapse

Hymowitz, Norman; Sexton, Mary; Ockene, Judith K.; Grandits, Gregory A

doi:10.1016/0091-7435(91)90057-b

Cited by 134 publications

(82 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…17,60 One publication reviewed here that controlled only for SES found that SES explained the racial disparities in abstinence. 41 Among publications that have controlled for SES along with other variables, some found no differences in abstinence among blacks and whites 29,31,32,34,40,42,44 and others continued to find significant differences in abstinence. 2,4,11,39 Living in physically and socially impoverished environments enhance drug effects, likely making quitting more difficult.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…37 An important question is why the population-based retrospective cohort studies appear to provide different results than the clinical cohort studies. Clinical cohort participants differ from the general population in that they, even those in the usual care arm, receive regular contact with clinical staff 29 or primary care providers, 38 are at higher risk of morbidity, 29 or are currently receiving provider care. 30,31,33 Clinical cohort participants may have been derived from people recently filling a prescription for nicotine replacement therapy, 35 and in some instances, "modified" usual care was provided, so the nonintervention participants received smoking cessation manuals and resources, 33 newsletters and self-help materials, 34 or counseling sessions.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Two of these were biochemically validated. 33,36 Six analyses, [29][30][31][32]34,35 four [29][30][31][32] of which were biochemically verified, reported no significant differences in smoking cessation between white and African American smokers. One analysis, 37 among smokers utilizing the Veterans Health Administration, found African American smokers were significantly more likely than white smokers to remain abstinent.…”

Section: Abstinencementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Ten publications [29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38] reported on ten relevant analyses. As shown in Supplementary Table 3, three 33,36,38 of the 10 analyses indicated white smokers were significantly more likely than African American smokers to be abstinent.…”

Section: Abstinencementioning

confidence: 99%

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Differences in Quit Attempts and Cigarette Smoking Abstinence Between Whites and African Americans in the United States: Literature Review and Results From the International Tobacco Control US Survey

Kulak¹,

Cornelius²,

Fong³

et al. 2016

NICTOB

103

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Results: Of 17 total analyses of quit attempts, nine (including the ITC US Survey) observed that African American smokers were more likely than whites to attempt to quit during a given year; seven found no differences. Whites were more likely than African Americans to be abstinent in five of six retrospective cohort analyses and in two of five considered community-and population-based cohort studies. Four of these 11 analyses, including one from the ITC US Survey, found no differences. Conclusions: Of 11 population-or community-based analyses, all seven that found significant differences indicated that whites were more likely to quit than African Americans. These findings, combined with the similar results from population-based birth cohort analyses, support the conclusion that white smokers are more likely to quit than African American smokers. Efforts to encourage and support quitting among all tobacco users remain a priority. Implications: This article provides a review of the literature on smoking cessation among African American and white smokers, and adds new analyses that compare quit attempts and abstinence between US African Americans and whites. Results demonstrate a clear distinction between the findings of cross-sectional and retrospective cohort studies with those of cohort studies. Reasons for these differences merit further study.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Abstinencementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Abstinencementioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Differences in Quit Attempts and Cigarette Smoking Abstinence Between Whites and African Americans in the United States: Literature Review and Results From the International Tobacco Control US Survey

Kulak¹,

Cornelius²,

Fong³

et al. 2016

NICTOB

103

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…The effects of a policy i may also be augmented over the same time period through increases in the first year cessation rate [as Cessation rate a *(1-PR i )]. First year quit rates continue to be elevated for each of the policies (except youth access policies) through the higher propensity to quit among individuals who smoke less (Hymowitz et al 1991(Hymowitz et al , 1997Hughes 2000) and other (e.g., economic and informational) factors. We assume that the proportion of individuals who relapse increases in direct proportion with any added cessation, which is to say that the rates of relapse are unaffected by policy changes.…”

Section: Policy Modulesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The role of public policies in reducing smoking prevalence in California: Results from the California Tobacco Policy Simulation Model

et al. 2007

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SummaryTobacco control policies are examined utilizing a simulation model for California, the state with the longest running comprehensive program. We assess the impact of the California Tobacco Control Program (CTCP) and surrounding price changes on smoking prevalence and smoking-attributable deaths. Modeling begins in 1988 and progresses chronologically to 2004, and considers four types of policies (taxes, mass media, clean air laws, and youth access policies) independently and as a package.The model is validated against existing smoking prevalence estimates. The difference in trends between predicted smoking rates from the model and other commonly used estimates of smoking prevalence for the overall period were generally small. The model also predicted some important changes in trend, which occurred with changes in policy.The California SimSmoke model estimates that tobacco control policies reduced smoking rates in California by an additional 25% relative to the level that they would have been if policies were kept at their 1988 level. By 2004, the model attributes over 60% of the reduction to price increases, over 25% of the overall effect to media policies, 10% to clean air laws, and only a small percent to youth access policies. The model estimates that over 5,000 lives will be saved in the year 2010 alone as a result of the CTCP and industry-initiated price increases, and that over 50,000 lives were saved over the period 1988-2010. Tobacco control policies implemented as comprehensive tobacco control strategies have significantly impacted smoking rates. Further tax increases should lead to additional lives saved, and additional

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Assessment of Racial Differences in Pharmacotherapy Efficacy for Smoking Cessation

et al. 2021

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IMPORTANCE Understanding Black vs White differences in pharmacotherapy efficacy and the underlying reasons is critically important to reducing tobacco-related health disparities.OBJECTIVE To compare pharmacotherapy efficacy and examine variables to explain Black vs White differences in smoking abstinence. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTSThis study is a secondary analysis of the Evaluating Adverse Events in a Global Smoking Cessation Study (EAGLES) double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial, which took place at clinical trial centers, academic centers, and outpatient clinics in 29 states in the US. US Black and White smokers who smoked 10 or more cigarettes per day with and without psychiatric comorbidity were enrolled between November 2011 and January 2015. Data analysis was performed from July 2019 to January 2020. INTERVENTIONS Participants were randomized (1:1:1:1) in a double-blind, triple-dummy, placeboand active-controlled (nicotine patch) trial of varenicline and bupropion for 12 weeks with follow-up through week 24. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Biochemically verified continuous cigarette abstinence rate (CAR) from weeks 9 to 24. Baseline, postbaseline treatment, and safety characteristics were examined as variables to explain race differences in abstinence. RESULTS Of the 1065 Black smokers enrolled, 255 were randomized to receive varenicline, 259 received bupropion, 286 received nicotine replacement therapy (NRT [ie, nicotine patch]), and 265 received placebo. Among the 3044 White smokers enrolled, 778 were randomized to receive varenicline, 769 received bupropion, 738 received NRT, and 759 received placebo. Participants were predominantly female (614 Black [57.7%] and 1786 White [58.7%] women) and heavy smokers (mean [SD] cigarettes per day, 18.2 [7.9] for Black and 20.0 [7.5] for White smokers), with a mean (SD) age of 47.2 (11.2) years for Black and 46.5 (12.7) years for White participants. Treatment and racewere associated with CAR for weeks 9 to 24. The CAR was 4.9% lower for Black vs White participants (odds ratio [OR], 0.53; 95% CI, 0.41-0.69; P < .001); differences were found across all treatments.

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Baseline factors associated with smoking cessation and relapse

Cited by 134 publications

References 22 publications

Differences in Quit Attempts and Cigarette Smoking Abstinence Between Whites and African Americans in the United States: Literature Review and Results From the International Tobacco Control US Survey

Differences in Quit Attempts and Cigarette Smoking Abstinence Between Whites and African Americans in the United States: Literature Review and Results From the International Tobacco Control US Survey

The role of public policies in reducing smoking prevalence in California: Results from the California Tobacco Policy Simulation Model

Assessment of Racial Differences in Pharmacotherapy Efficacy for Smoking Cessation

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