Baseline aortic pulse wave velocity is associated with central and peripheral pressor responses during the cold pressor test in healthy subjects

Abstract

Cold environmental temperatures increase sympathetic nerve activity and blood pressure, and increase the risk of acute cardiovascular events in aged individuals. The acute risk of cardiovascular events increases with aortic pulse wave velocity as well as elevated central and peripheral pulse pressures. The aim of this study was to examine the independent influence of aortic pulse wave velocity upon central and peripheral pressor responses to sympathetic activation via the cold pressor test (CPT). Twenty‐two healthy subjects (age: 18–73 years) completed a CPT with the left hand immersed in 2–4°C water for 3 min. During the CPT, central (from: 36 ± 7 to: 51 ± 12 mmHg) and peripheral pulse pressure increased (from: 54 ± 7 to: 66 ± 11; both P < 0.05). In all subjects the increase in central pulse pressure during the CPT was independently associated with baseline aortic pulse wave velocity (r 2 = 0.221, P = 0.027) but not age (P > 0.05). In a subset of subjects with higher arterial stiffness, the increase in peripheral pulse pressure during the CPT was independently associated with baseline aortic pulse wave velocity (r 2 = 0.415, P = 0.032) but not age (P > 0.05). These data indicate that central and peripheral pulse pressure responses during sympathetic activation are positively and independently associated with aortic pulse wave velocity through a wide age range. Decreasing aortic pulse wave velocity in aged individuals with elevated arterial stiffness may help reduce the incidence of acute cardiovascular events upon exposure to cold environmental temperatures.

Cold Pressor Test Influences the Cardio-Ankle Vascular Index in Healthy Overweight Young Adults

“…SNA is directly activated by the CPT, SNA regulated the changes in vascular tone and mediators such as nitric oxide, endothelin 1 and norepinephrine, are known to affect arterial wall stiffness [31]. Likewise, data obtained in aortic PWV upon central and peripheral pressor responses to sympathetic activation via the CPT, both central and peripheral aortic PWV increased in all subjects during the CPT [32]. PWV is a commonly used index of arterial stiffness.…”

Pengaruh Cold Pressure Test Pada Tekanan Darah

“…CPT adalah metode yang memuaskan untuk menentukan reaktivitas tekanan darah hiperreaktivitas vaskular pada saat melakukan CPT. Berbeda dengan hasil dari journal yang lain, pada penelitian Borner et al, (2018) bahwa peningkatan tekanan nadi sentral selama CPT tidak berkorelasi dengan salah satu variabel independen yang diukur. Hal tersebut dipengaruhi oleh bertambahnya usia, riwayat latihan olahraga kebiasaan seumur hidup dibandingkan dengan rekan-rekan yang tidak banyak bergerak akan berbeda, serta dipengaruhi oleh organ sentral seperti afterload, fungsi diastolik ventrikel kiri, infark miokard dan yang lainya.…”

“…Pada penelitian G & Quadri (2018) memiliki keyterbatasan tidak dilakukan studi prospektif untuk memeriksa hubungan diduga antara hiperreaktor normotensif untuk secara tepat menetapkan hubungan bahwa hiperresponsif merupakan prediktor hipertensi esensial, berbeda dengan keterbatasan pada penelitian Keller-Ross et al, (2020) pada sampel dewasa tua (60 tahun) tidak terkaji riwayat olahraga, meroko, dan riwayat perancu tekanan darah lainnya. Keterbatasan karena tidak mengukur aktivitas saraf simpatik terhadap respons pressor pusat dan perifer sehingga tidak dapat mengukur pengaruh aktivitas saraf simpatik pada penelitian yang dilakukan Borner et al, (2018).…”

“…Berbeda halnya dengan penelitian yang dilakukan oleh Keller-Ross et al,(2020) dalam melakukan CPT butuh waktu selama 2 menit. Selain itu terdapat pula perbedaan pada penelitian yang dilakukan oleh Borner et al, (2018) serta pada penelitian Xu et al, (2018) membutuhkan waktu dalam melakukan CPT adalah selama 3 menit. Walaupun terdapat perbedaan dari segi waktu yang digunakan dalam melakukan CPT, akan tetapi suhu CPT yang digunakan dalam seluruh penelitian yaitu dengan suhu antara 0-4 o C. Semua penelitian, tidak ada compared atau pembanding.…”

Hemodynamic Response After Concurrent Cross Exercise in Hypertensive Women

“…Researchers have used an analysis of blood pressure reactivity (PR), which is the reactive response of blood pressure to physiological stress.¹ This variable is associated with an aortic pulse wave velocity, which is a surrogate measure of arterial stiffness and an acute predictor of cardiovascular disease risk. 5 One of the testicles used to assess a critical pressure. Cold Pressor Test (CPT).…”