Base Metal Bottom Electrodes

Ihlefeld, Jon F.; Losego, Mark D.; Maria, Jon Paul

doi:10.1007/978-3-211-99311-8_23

Cited by 1 publication

(1 citation statement)

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“…Both KNN and BaTiO 3 can withstand the reducing atmosphere required to prevent oxidation of copper or nickel . Unlike KNN and BaTiO 3 , compounds containing Pb or Bi cannot be co‐fired with Ni electrodes . The reducing atmosphere conditions needed to prevent oxidation of the Ni electrode would cause reduction in PbO or Bi 2 O 3 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of a lead‐free copper co‐fired BNT‐based piezoceramic sintered at low temperature

Yesner

Safari

2018

J Am Ceram Soc

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Compatibility of Bi‐based piezoelectric ceramic and copper electrodes is demonstrated by co‐firing 0.88Bi1/2Na1/2TiO3–0.08Bi1/2K1/2TiO3–0.04BaTiO3 (BNKBT88) with copper. A combination of Bi2O3, CuO, ZnO, Li2CO3, and B2O3 are used as additives to reduce firing temperature to 900°C with minimal effect on the electromechanical properties compared to sintering at 1150°C without additives. Co‐firing with copper electrodes requires controlled oxygen sintering at low temperature. The atmosphere is controlled using carbon dioxide and hydrogen gas to maintain an oxygen partial pressure of 6.1 × 10−8 atm, which is necessary for the coexistence of Cu metal and Bi2O3. The thermodynamic activity of bismuth oxide in BNKBT88 is calculated to be 0.38. BNKBT88 ceramics were successfully co‐fired with internal as well as surface Cu metal electrodes. The copper co‐fired ceramics were successfully polarized and the dielectric and piezoelectric properties are evaluated.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%