Basal Metabolism of Normal Boys and Girls From Two to Twelve Years Old, Inclusive

Lewis, Robert C.

doi:10.1001/archpedi.1943.02010180010002

Cited by 5 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…This is in accordance with changes in relative size of other organs like the brain, liver, heart, and adrenals [36,37,38,39]. During the intense growth period in early life, the basal metabolic rate per kilogram body weight is very high [40,41,42], followed by a continuous gradual decrease throughout life [43]. It is striking that the registered decrease in relative basal metabolic rate occurred parallel to the observed decrease in relative kidney volume in the present study, which may Table 4 Differences between right and left kidney in length, shape, and single kidney volume as percentage of combined kidney volume stratified according to gender and age.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 53%

Kidney growth in 717 healthy children aged 0?18�months: a longitudinal cohort study

et al. 2004

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Kidney size is an important parameter in the evaluation of children with renal disease. However, reference materials for kidney size in healthy children have been limited beyond the neonatal period. We performed a longitudinal cohort study of 717 healthy children born at term with normal birth weight. Kidney size and shape were determined by ultrasonography and related to gender, age, and body size (weight, length, body surface area, skinfold thickness) at 0, 3, and 18 months of age. Gender-differentiated reference charts were established. Boys had significantly larger kidney volumes than girls ( P<0.001) and larger relative volumes (kidney volume/weight) at 0 and 3 months ( P<0.001), but not at 18 months of age. The best single predictor of gender-differentiated kidney volume was weight. Relative kidney volume changed with increasing age and height in a two-phase pattern: an initial decrease until a height of 65-70 cm was reached followed by a stable level. In conclusion, kidney size was significantly influenced by gender, age, and body composition. Relative kidney volume decreased with increasing age and height in a two-phase pattern. These characteristic changes in kidney volume indicated that infant kidney growth might be influenced by sex steroids and growth hormone in addition to body composition.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 53%

Kidney growth in 717 healthy children aged 0?18�months: a longitudinal cohort study

et al. 2004

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“…Several studies that presented data as group means were excluded. In the cases of researchers such as Benedict 18,66 -75 , Lewis 20,76,77 , Mason 78 -81 , Nakagawa 82 -85 , Wardlaw 86 -88 and Wang 90 -93 , even if descriptive details were not provided in all their papers, they were included for further analysis as their protocol was detailed (and acceptable) in the first of their papers.…”

Section: Bmr Presented As a Percentage Deviation Of Othermentioning

confidence: 99%

Basal metabolic rate studies in humans: measurement and development of new equations

Henry

2005

Public Health Nutr.

805

741

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Objective: To facilitate the Food and Agriculture Organization/World Health Organization/United Nations University Joint (FAO/WHO/UNU) Expert Consultation on Energy and Protein Requirements which met in Rome in 1981, Schofield et al. reviewed the literature and produced predictive equations for both sexes for the following ages: 0-3, 3-10, 10-18, 18-30, 30-60 and . 60 years. These formed the basis for the equations used in 1985 FAO/WHO/UNU document, Energy and Protein Requirements.While Schofield's analysis has served a significant role in re-establishing the importance of using basal metabolic rate (BMR) to predict human energy requirements, recent workers have subsequently queried the universal validity and application of these equations. A survey of the most recent studies (1980 -2000) in BMR suggests that in most cases the current FAO/WHO/UNU predictive equations overestimate BMR in many communities. The FAO/WHO/UNU equations to predict BMR were developed using a database that contained a disproportionate number -3388 out of 7173 (47%) -of Italian subjects. The Schofield database contained relatively few subjects from the tropical region.The objective here is to review the historical development in the measurement and application of BMR and to critically review the Schofield et al. BMR database presenting a series of new equations to predict BMR. Design: This division, while arbitrary, will enable readers who wish to omit the historical review of BMR to concentrate on the evolution of the new BMR equations. Setting: BMR data collected from published and measured values. Subjects: A series of new equations (Oxford equations) have been developed using a data set of 10 552 BMR values that (1) excluded all the Italian subjects and (2) included a much larger number (4018) of people from the tropics. Results: In general, the Oxford equations tend to produce lower BMR values than the current FAO/WHO/UNU equations in 18-30 and 30 -60 year old males and in all females over 18 years of age. Conclusions: This is an opportune moment to re-examine the role and place of BMR measurements in estimating total energy requirements today. The Oxford equations' future use and application will surely depend on their ability to predict more accurately the BMR in contemporary populations.

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Basal Metabolism of Normal Children From Thirteen to Fifteen Years Old, Inclusive

Lewis¹

1943

Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med

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Basal Metabolism of Normal Boys and Girls From Two to Twelve Years Old, Inclusive

Cited by 5 publications

References 19 publications

Kidney growth in 717 healthy children aged 0?18�months: a longitudinal cohort study

Kidney growth in 717 healthy children aged 0?18�months: a longitudinal cohort study

Basal metabolic rate studies in humans: measurement and development of new equations

Basal Metabolism of Normal Children From Thirteen to Fifteen Years Old, Inclusive

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