“…One of the most consistent findings is subcortical atrophy in HIV, even in the era of cART (Becker et al, 2011). Studies have linked atrophy in basal ganglia to neurocognitive impairment (Kumar, Ownby, Waldrop-Valverde, Fernandez, & Kumar, 2011), disrupted cerebral metabolite levels (Cohen et al, 2010;Hua et al, 2013), HIV-disease duration (Ances, Ortega, Vaida, Heaps, & Paul, 2012;Becker et al, 2011), history of immune dysfunction (Tesic et al, 2018), immune recovery (Fennema-Notestine et al, 2013), and viral suppression (Guha et al, 2016;Kallianpur et al, 2013;Krivine et al, 1999). Studies have even suggested that the size of caudate nucleus might serve as a potential biomarker of HAND (Dal Pan et al, 1992;Hestad et al, 1993;Kieburtz et al, 1996).…”