Basal Ganglia and Limbic System Pathology in Schizophrenia

Bogerts, B.; Meertz, E.; Schönfeldt-Bausch, Regina

doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1985.01790310046006

Cited by 866 publications

(118 citation statements)

References 48 publications

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“…Amygdala measurement. Neuroanatomical boundaries for the amygdala were based on operational criteria from postmortem histological work (Bogerts et al, 1985) and prior published studies (Watson et al, 1992;Szeszko et al, 2003). An illustration of the amygdala boundaries is provided in Figure 1.…”

Section: Mr Imaging Proceduresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Amygdala Volume Reductions in Pediatric Patients with Obsessive–Compulsive Disorder Treated with Paroxetine: Preliminary Findings

Szeszko

MacMillan

McMeniman

et al. 2004

Neuropsychopharmacol

128

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The amygdala is believed to be highly relevant to the pathophysiology of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) given its prominent role in fear conditioning and because it is an important target of the serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SRIs), the pharmacotherapy of choice for OCD. In the present study, we measured in vivo volumetric changes in the amygdala in pediatric patients with OCD following 16 weeks of monotherapy with the selective SRI, paroxetine hydrochloride. Amygdala volumes were computed from contiguous 1.5 mm magnetic resonance (MR) images in 11 psychotropic drug-naive patients with OCD prior to and then following treatment. Eleven healthy pediatric comparison subjects also had baseline and follow-up scans, but none of these subjects received medication. Patients demonstrated significant asymmetry of the amygdala (L4R) prior to pharmacologic intervention in contrast to healthy comparison subjects who showed no asymmetry at the time of their baseline scan. Mixed model analyses using age and total brain volume as time varying covariates indicated that left amygdala volume decreased significantly in patients following treatment. The reduction in left amygdala volume in patients correlated significantly with higher paroxetine dosage at the time of the follow-up scan and total cumulative paroxetine exposure between the scans. No significant changes in either right or left amygdala volume were evident among healthy comparison subjects from the baseline to the follow-up scan. These preliminary findings suggest that abnormal asymmetry of the amygdala may play a role in the pathogenesis of OCD and that paroxetine treatment may be associated with a reduction in amygdala volume.

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Section: Mr Imaging Proceduresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Amygdala Volume Reductions in Pediatric Patients with Obsessive–Compulsive Disorder Treated with Paroxetine: Preliminary Findings

Szeszko

MacMillan

McMeniman

et al. 2004

Neuropsychopharmacol

128

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“…Indeed, in MRI studies of monozygotic twins discordant for schizophrenia, the affected twin almost invariably exhibits smaller hippocampi (Suddath et al 1990); this reduced size of the hippocampus strongly correlates with a decreased rCBF in the PFC and a poorer performance on the WCST in the affected twin . Other brain regions reported as abnormal in schizophrenia include the amygdala (Bogerts et al 1985;Arnold et al 1991;Shenton et al 1992;Marsh et al 1994;Rossi et al 1994), entorhinal cortex (Arnold et al 1991;Honer et al 1996), cingulate cortex (Benes et al 1986(Benes et al , 1992; see Olney and Farber 1995 for review), planum temporale (Falkai et al 1995;Perry et al 1995), mediodorsal thalamic nucleus (Pakkenberg 1990(Pakkenberg , 1992Andreasen et al 1994a), and nucleus accumbens (Pakkenberg 1990(Pakkenberg , 1993. It is interesting that each of these structures exhibits efferent projections to either the PFC or the nucleus accumbens, or both.…”

Section: Cortical Disturbances In Schizophreniamentioning

confidence: 99%

Dysfunctions in Multiple Interrelated Systems as the Neurobiological Bases of Schizophrenic Symptom Clusters

O’Donnell

Grace

1998

Schizophrenia Bulletin

175

115

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The absence of an animal model that accurately approximates schizophrenia limits current research into the pathophysiology of this disorder. Obviously, the cognitive disturbances associated with schizophrenia are difficult to evaluate in laboratory animals. Nonetheless, animal studies have provided insight into the anatomy and physiology of the brain systems that have been implicated in schizophrenia. These studies also suggest how brain systems may be involved in information processing in normal and pathological conditions. Thus, a careful assessment of the properties and functions of the brain regions suggested to be involved in schizophrenic symptoms has been a primary objective in several laboratories. In this review, we discuss the interactions among the brain regions implicated in schizophrenia-the ventral striatum, prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, and dopamine systems-and provide an integrative model linking altered function in these regions with specific clusters of symptoms of schizophrenia.Key words: Nucleus accumbens, hippocampus, prefrontal cortex, thalamus, dopamine, negative symptoms, positive symptoms, thought disorder. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 24(2):267-283,1998.Schizophrenia is a complex disorder characterized by a profound disturbance of cognitive functions. A major problem in the study of schizophrenia is the diversity of its symptoms, leading to the suggestion that schizophrenia is actually a cluster of diseases. An integrative clinical view was brought up by Liddle, who used factor analysis to segregate symptoms of schizophrenia into three clusters-reality distortion, psychomotor poverty, and disorganization (Liddle et al. 1992fc)-and proposed that dysfunctions in specific brain regions were involved in each cluster of symptoms (Liddle et al. 1992a). This interpretation is reinforced by a number of studies that implicate a variety of structures in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. These structures include the prefrontal cortex (PFC), medial temporal lobe (including the hippocampus), ventral striatum, and mesolimbic dopamine (DA) system. In this review, we will link information regarding the physiological interactions among these systems with clinical investigations, in an attempt to analyze these symptom clusters from an anatomical perspective.

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“…Clair and Blackwood 1985). Each of these conditions is associated with abnormalities of the hippocampus and related structures (Sylvester 1983;Bogerts et al 1985;Pearson et al 1985;Ulrich 1985).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%