Basal Cell Carcinoma: From Pathophysiology to Novel Therapeutic Approaches

Fania, Luca; Didona, Dario; Morese, Roberto; Campana, Irene; Coco, Valeria; Pietro, Francesca Di; Ricci, Francesca; Pallotta, Sabatino; Candi, Eleonora; Abeni, Damiano; Dellambra, Elena

doi:10.3390/biomedicines8110449

Cited by 71 publications

(106 citation statements)

References 238 publications

(381 reference statements)

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“…Fair complexion is another of the main risk factors [ 15 , 16 ]. cSCC risk is mostly associated with cumulative lifetime sun exposure, while intermittent and intense sun exposure increases the risk of BCC [ 17 ]. The use of tanning beds, especially early in life (<25 years), results in an increased risk of cSCC [ 18 ].…”

Section: Risk Factorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The most important prevention measure is represented by the reduction of UV exposure, both professional and recreational [ 187 , 188 ]. Indeed, in contrast to BCC, cSCC risk is mostly related to cumulative sun exposure during a lifetime, rather than intermittent and intense sun exposure [ 17 ]. Furthermore, it has been widely described that UV exposure, especially during childhood and adolescence, increases the risk of cSCC [ 189 ].…”

Section: Prevention Of Csccmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma: From Pathophysiology to Novel Therapeutic Approaches

et al. 2021

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Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC), a non-melanoma skin cancer, is a keratinocyte carcinoma representing one of the most common cancers with an increasing incidence. cSCC could be in situ (e.g., Bowen’s disease) or an invasive form. A significant cSCC risk factor is advanced age, together with cumulative sun exposure, fair skin, prolonged immunosuppression, and previous skin cancer diagnoses. Although most cSCCs can be treated by surgery, a fraction of them recur and metastasize, leading to death. cSCC could arise de novo or be the result of a progression of the actinic keratosis, an in situ carcinoma. The multistage process of cSCC development and progression is characterized by mutations in the genes involved in epidermal homeostasis and by several alterations, such as epigenetic modifications, viral infections, or microenvironmental changes. Thus, cSCC development is a gradual process with several histological- and pathological-defined stages. Dermoscopy and reflectance confocal microscopy enhanced the diagnostic accuracy of cSCC. Surgical excision is the first-line treatment for invasive cSCC. Moreover, radiotherapy may be considered as a primary treatment in patients not candidates for surgery. Extensive studies of cSCC pathogenic mechanisms identified several pharmaceutical targets and allowed the development of new systemic therapies, including immunotherapy with immune checkpoint inhibitors, such as Cemiplimab, and epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitors for metastatic and locally advanced cSCC. Furthermore, the implementation of prevention measures has been useful in patient management.

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Section: Risk Factorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Prevention Of Csccmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma: From Pathophysiology to Novel Therapeutic Approaches

et al. 2021

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“…However, some of these methods may not cause acceptable side effects in patients after treatment. For patients with carcinoma of the eyelids or lips who do not agree to the proposed methods of treatment for aesthetic and functional reasons, radical radiotherapy remains a good solution as the basic therapy [ 9 ]. Commonly used radiotherapy techniques include X-ray teleradiotherapy, megavoltage photon teleradiotherapy, electron teleradiotherapy and brachytherapy, but Hedgehog pathway inhibitors may also be an effective and attractive therapy for local basal cell carcinoma located in the eyes and eyelids [ 10 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Interstitial HDR Brachytherapy in the Treatment of Non-Melanocytic Skin Cancers around the Eye

Cisek

Kieszko²,

Bilski

et al. 2021

Cancers

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Background: Eyelid tumors are rare skin cancers, the most common of which is basal cell carcinoma characterized primarily by local growth. In addition to surgery, radiotherapy is among the basic methods of treatment. External beam radiotherapy is associated with the risk of complications within ocular structures, especially the lens. In the case of interstitial brachytherapy, it is possible to administer a high dose to the clinical target volume (CTV), while reducing it in the most sensitive structures. Methods: This paper presents the results of an analysis of 28 patients treated with interstitial high dose rate (HDR) brachytherapy for skin cancers of the upper and lower eyelid; medial and lateral canthus; and the cheek, nose and temples with the infiltration of ocular structures. The patients were treated according to two irradiation schedules: 49 Gy in 14 fractions of 3.5 Gy twice a day for 7 days of treatment, and 45 Gy in 5 Gy fractions twice a day for 5 days. The mean follow-up was 22 months (3–49 months). Results: two patients (6%) had a relapse: a local recurrence within the irradiated area in one of them, and metastases to lymph nodes in the other. The most common early complication was conjunctivitis (74%), and the most common late complication was dry eye syndrome (59%). Conclusions: Interstitial HDR brachytherapy for skin cancers of the upper and lower eyelid; medial and lateral cants; and the cheek, nose and temples with infiltration of ocular structures is a highly effective, short and relatively low burden type of treatment.

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“…BCC, the most common type of NMSC, accounts for almost 90% of all skin cancers [1] and originates from the interfollicular epidermis stem cells, the hair follicle infundibulum cells or the hair follicle bulge cells [2][3][4]. BCCs develop following UV-induced mutagenesis [5]. Sequencing data indicate that 85% of mutations were in Shh signalling genes [2,6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Involvement of transcribed lncRNA uc.291 and SWI/SNF complex in cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma

et al. 2021

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While non-melanoma skin cancers (NMSCs) are the most common tumours in humans, only the sub-type cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC), might become metastatic with high lethality. We have recently identified a regulatory pathway involving the lncRNA transcript uc.291 in controlling the expression of epidermal differentiation complex genes via the interaction with ACTL6A, a component of the chromatin remodelling complex SWI/SNF. Since transcribed ultra-conserved regions (T-UCRs) are expressed in normal tissues and are deregulated in tumorigenesis, here we hypothesize a potential role for dysregulation of this axis in cSCC, accounting for the de-differentiation process observed in aggressive poorly differentiated cutaneous carcinomas. We therefore analysed their expression patterns in human tumour biopsies at mRNA and protein levels. The results suggest that by altering chromatin accessibility of the epidermal differentiation complex genes, down-regulation of uc.291 and BRG1 expression contribute to the de-differentiation process seen in keratinocyte malignancy. This provides future direction for the identification of clinical biomarkers in cutaneous SCC. Analysis of publicly available data sets indicates that the above may also be a general feature for SCCs of different origins.

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Basal Cell Carcinoma: From Pathophysiology to Novel Therapeutic Approaches

Cited by 71 publications

References 238 publications

Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma: From Pathophysiology to Novel Therapeutic Approaches

Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma: From Pathophysiology to Novel Therapeutic Approaches

Interstitial HDR Brachytherapy in the Treatment of Non-Melanocytic Skin Cancers around the Eye

Involvement of transcribed lncRNA uc.291 and SWI/SNF complex in cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma

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