Basal Cell Carcinoma: An Overview of Tumor Biology and Treatment

Netscher, David T.; Spira, Melvin

doi:10.1097/01.prs.0000113025.69154.d1

Cited by 72 publications

(101 citation statements)

References 74 publications

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“…They tend to spread along the plane of least resistance such as periosteum, perichondrium, fascia and tarsal plate. 7 Squamous cell carcinoma has a 2-6% incidence of metastasis. 8 Melanoma, however, accounts for most of the mortality from cutaneous malignancies.…”

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confidence: 99%

Mast cells and cutaneous malignancies

Ch’ng

Wallis

Yuan³

et al. 2006

Modern Pathology

168

166

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This paper reviews the role of mast cells in the development and progression of basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma and malignant melanoma. Mast cells accumulate around cutaneous malignancies. Current evidence suggests that mast cells contribute to the tumorigenesis of cutaneous malignancies through four mechanisms. (1) Immunosuppression: Ultraviolet-B radiation, the most important initiator of cutaneous malignancies, activates mast cells. Upon irradiation of the skin, trans-urocanic acid in the epidermis isomerizes to cis-urocanic acid, which stimulates neuropeptide release from neural c-fibers. These neuropeptides in turn trigger histamine secretion from mast cells, leading to suppression of the cellular immune system. (2) Angiogenesis: Mast cells are the major source of vascular endothelial growth factor in basal cell carcinoma and malignant melanoma. Vascular endothelial growth factor is one of the most potent angiogenic factors, which also induces leakage of other angiogenic factors across the endothelial cell wall into the matrix. Mast cell proteases reorganize the stroma to facilitate endothelial cell migration. As well, heparin, the dominant mast cell proteoglycan, assists in blood-borne metastasis. (3) Degradation of extracellular matrix: Through its own proteases, and indirectly via interaction with other cells, mast cells participate in degradation of the matrix, which is required for tumor spread. (4) Mitogenesis: Mast cell mediators including fibroblast growth factor-2 and interleukin-8 are mitogenic to melanoma cells. Current evidence supports an accessory role for mast cells in the development and progression of cutaneous malignancies. Emerging data, however, also suggest that mast cells might, in fact, have opposing roles in tumor biology, and the microenvironment could polarize mast cells to possess either promoting or inhibitory effects on tumors.

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confidence: 99%

Mast cells and cutaneous malignancies

Ch’ng

Wallis

Yuan³

et al. 2006

Modern Pathology

168

166

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“…BCC arises from the basal cells of the epidermis and/or from the external root sheet of hair follicles [1,2]. The tumour varies in its form and presentation.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The tumour varies in its form and presentation. Different patterns of BCC are described, such as solid, cystic, adenoid, keratotic, pigmented, infiltrating and sclerosing (morphea-like) [1,3,4]. The diagnosis and treatment of BCC usually is not complicated, until it comes to the giant, invasive and aggressive BCC.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Invasive giant basal cell carcinoma of the head: case report, reconstruction choice and literature review

et al. 2009

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AbstractIt is unusual to find a giant invasive basal cell carcinoma in the occipital region of the head. We are presenting a case of basal cell carcinoma invading and eroding occipital bone, managed with an unusual scalp reconstruction method. A 69-year-old female presented with a 16x19 cm diameter tumour in the occipital region. Preoperative biopsy revealed a basal cell carcinoma. A complete surgical excision of the tumour was performed in one-step surgery and tissue defect was reconstructed by a pedicle latissimus dorsi musculocutaneous flap. Our case shows that this distant pedicle flap is safe and reliable, and should be revised as the option for the occipital region reconstruction.

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“…The most common cause of basal cell carcinoma is chronic occupational or avocational sun exposure (1,2). This fact alone probably explains the low index of suspicion on the part of multiple medical personnel from multiple different specialties over the many years in treating this patient.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The vast majority are found in sun-exposed areas of the body (1,2). Over 700,000 new cases are encountered annually, with more than 93% arising in the head and neck, and only 7% in the trunk and extremities (1). Involvement of the foot is even more unusual, and has been the subject of previous case reports (2-4).…”

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confidence: 99%

Basal cell carcinoma masquerading as a hallux valgus

Hallock¹,

Bulatao²

2007

CAN J PLAST SURG

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GG Hallock, IS Bulatao. Basal cell carcinoma masquerading as a hallux valgus. Can J Plast Surg 2007;15(1):47-48.The incidence of primary skin cancers of the foot is exceedingly low; conversely, problems associated with a hallux valgus are common. A nonhealing ulcer overlying a hallux valgus managed conservatively with ointments and orthotic adjustments, and even with skin grafts, did not resolve over a period of 10 years. Ultimately, a shave biopsy revealed that the lesion was a basal cell carcinoma. Wide local excision and another skin graft resulted in tumour eradication and, finally, healing. Basal cell carcinoma associated with a hallux valgus has not been previously reported, and this reinforces the concept that malignant degeneration as the cause of any chronic ulceration should not be overlooked.Key Words: Basal cell carcinoma; Hallux valgus; Skin cancer Un carcinome basocellulaire déguisé en hallux valgus L'incidence de cancers cutanés primaires du pied est extrêmement basse. Par contre, les troubles reliés à l'hallux valgus sont courants. Dans la présente étude de cas, un ulcère réfractaire sur un hallux valgus, traité de manière classique avec des onguents, des orthèses et même des greffes de peau, ne s'est pas résorbé en dix ans. Finalement, une biopsie-exérèse a révélé que la lésion était un carcinome basocellulaire. Une large excision locale et une autre greffe de peau ont permis d'éradiquer la tumeur et de favoriser la cicatrisation. Aucun cas de carcinome basocellulaire associé à un hallux valgus n'a été déclaré auparavant, ce qui démontre qu'il ne faut ne pas écarter la possibilité qu'une ulcération chronique soit causée par une dégénérescence maligne.

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Basal Cell Carcinoma: An Overview of Tumor Biology and Treatment

Cited by 72 publications

References 74 publications

Mast cells and cutaneous malignancies

Mast cells and cutaneous malignancies

Invasive giant basal cell carcinoma of the head: case report, reconstruction choice and literature review

Basal cell carcinoma masquerading as a hallux valgus

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