Barriers to mammography screening in Nigeria: A survey of two communities with different access to screening facilities

Olasehinde, Olalekan; Alatise, Olusegun Isaac; Arowolo, Olukayode; Mango, Victoria L.; Olajide, Olalere; Omisore, Adeleye Dorcas; Boutin‐Foster, Carla; Kingham, T. Peter

doi:10.1111/ecc.12986

Cited by 23 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…This is evidently reflected in the fact that most of this study's respondents identified lack of knowledge, ignorance and myths as major factors influencing mammography uptake. This is similar to findings of Bello et al [31]; Ayoola, and Oyedunni [20], Azubuike and Okwuokei [26], Olashinde et al [24] and Akwo et al [21]. Another perspective to this low uptake of mammography observed in this study conducted in a metropolitan setting where mammogram facilities exist x-rays the potential urban-rural differential in uptake and further demonstrates the need for targeted breast cancer awareness programmes.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

“…This was strongly indicated by majority of the respondents (39.7%) in this study that reported that advice from a healthcare worker would motivate their uptake of mammography. This notion was corroborated by findings of Ayoola and Oyedunni [20], Madubogwu et al, [32], Olashinde et al [24] and Akwo et al [21].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 76%

“…The dearth of knowledge on breast cancer and mammography may in part be contributory to the increasing rise of breast cancer prevalence with concomitant poor breast cancer outcomes in Low-and middle-income countries [22][23][24][25] Researches have shown direct link between knowledge and positive health-seeking behaviours and utilization of healthcare services [3,6,26,27]. The low knowledge level observed in this study begs for urgent attention if this rise is going to be checked particularly since more than two-third of respondents in this study had attained tertiary level of education.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Breast Cancer Knowledge and Mammography Uptake among Women Aged 40 Years and Above in Calabar Municipality, Nigeria

Okaliwe

Nja

Ogunkola

et al. 2021

AJMAH

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Background: Breast cancer is the commonest cancer among women globally. Early screening remains a critical approach to reducing morbidity and mortality. Mammography, one of such screening tools, is vital in improving outcomes and survival. However, poor knowledge and ignorance have been touted as major barriers to health services uptake in Low/Middle-income countries. This study therefore determined breast cancer knowledge and mammography uptake among women aged ≥40 years in Calabar Municipality. Methods: A cross-sectional study design was used to elicit information from 365 women that were randomly selected using a semi-structured questionnaire. Data analysis was carried out using SPSS version 20. The results were descriptively presented by frequencies and percentages. Pearson Chi-Square (ꭓ2) analysis was performed to detect the association between variables at 5% level of significance (p-value of ≤ 0.05). Results: Majority of the 365 study participants 121 (33.3%) were aged between 40 – 44 years and had attained tertiary level of education 231 (63.2%). Most of the respondents had low knowledge score 214 (58.6%) of breast cancer and mammography. Only 36 (9.9%) of the respondents have had mammography out of which most 22 (61.0%) used it only once. Knowledge level of breast cancer and mammography was statistically significantly associated with uptake (p = .00001). Conversely knowledge of breast cancer and mammography was not statistically significantly associated with educational attainment (p = .54). Conclusions: Knowledge level of breast cancer and uptake of mammography among women aged ≥40 in Calabar Municipality was very poor. The need to increase awareness about breast cancer and breast cancer screening are highly advocated.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 76%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Breast Cancer Knowledge and Mammography Uptake among Women Aged 40 Years and Above in Calabar Municipality, Nigeria

Okaliwe

Nja

Ogunkola

et al. 2021

AJMAH

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“…Alternatively, the perceived benefit that mammography enables early detection of breast cancer was the main motivator to perform mammography by female healthcare workers in another study [ 30 ]. Several barriers were identified for not undergoing mammograms such as the pain and embarrassment associated with the procedure, fear of results, lack of health insurance, low income, poor knowledge about breast cancer screening, lack of perceived need, and lack of physician recommendation [ 31 , 32 ]. In this study, most pharmacists did not have mammography because they were not at the age for this screening.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Knowledge and Practice of Breast Cancer Screening Methods among Female Community Pharmacists in Jordan: A Cross-Sectional Study

Ayoub

Al-Taani

Almomani

et al. 2021

International Journal of Breast Cancer

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Objectives. Our study is aimed at exploring the knowledge and personal practice of breast cancer screening among female community pharmacists in Jordan. Methods. A cross-sectional survey was carried out using a nonrandom sample selection method for pharmacists in community pharmacies. Results. A total of 551 female pharmacists completed the questionnaire. The mean age of pharmacists was 29.1 ± 7.3 years (range 21–67), and most have bachelor degrees in pharmacy (89.1%). The mean score of knowledge of breast cancer signs and symptoms was 4.2 ± 1.5 out of 6 points (range 0–6). The mean score of knowledge of risk factors was 7.6 ± 1.9 out of 12 points (ranging from 2–12). The mean score for knowledge of screening guidelines was 2.8 ± 0.9 out of 4 points (range 0–4). Overall, 452 pharmacists (85.8%) had acceptable knowledge while 75 pharmacists (14.2%) had poor knowledge of breast cancer. Pharmacists surveyed were aware of the different screening methods of breast cancer. The percentage of pharmacists who has performed breast self-examination (BSE), clinical breast examination (CBE), and mammography was 46.6%, 16.5%, and 5.4%, respectively. The most common reason for the lack of BSE and CBE performance was the absence of breast symptoms. Not being at the age recommended for mammography was the most common reason for not undergoing this screening method. Knowledge and practice of screening methods were influenced by age, years of experience, geographic region, personal history of breast cancer, and educational level among community pharmacists. Conclusions. This study revealed some gaps in the knowledge of breast cancer among female community pharmacists. The practice of the different screening methods was suboptimal, and variable reasons were indicated for the low uptake of these screening methods. Community pharmacists need to practice preventive behaviors to a satisfactory level to encourage women in the community to adopt similar behavior.

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“…As recommended in a previous study, 20,25 the composite fear score on the CBCFS was computed using three categories (strongly agree/agree, strongly disagree/disagree, and undecided). Next, the fear score was stratified into low (8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15), moderate (16)(17)(18)(19)(20)(21)(22)(23), or high fear (24-40) categories. 25 Similarly, the perceived selfefficacy for mammography score was stratified into low (10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19), moderate (20)(21)(22)(23)(24)(25)(26)(27)(28)(29), or high fear (30-50) categories.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Association of Sociodemographic Factors, Breast Cancer Fear, and Perceived Self-Efficacy With Breast Cancer Screening Behaviors Among Middle-Aged Nigerian Women

Ezema

Igbokwe

Iwuagwu

et al. 2021

Breast Cancer�(Auckl)

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Introduction: Breast cancer (BC) is a major public health problem among women. However, BC screening uptake is abysmally low among Nigerian women. This study evaluated the association of BC fear and perceived self-efficacy with BC screening (clinical breast exam [CBE] and mammography) among middle-aged Nigerian women. Methods: A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted among middle-aged women in Enugu State, southeast Nigeria. The data were collected between September 2019 and February 2020. The BC screening uptake, fear, and self-efficacy were assessed using the validated Breast Cancer Screening Questionnaire (BCSQ), Champion Breast Cancer Fear Scale (CBCFS), and Champion’s Mammography Self-Efficacy Scale (CMSES). Data were analyzed using frequencies and percentages, chi-square test, and univariate analysis of variance. Bivariate and multivariable logistic regression models were used to examine independent associations between selected sociodemographic factors, cancer fear, perceived self-efficacy, and BC screening. Results: The mean age of the participants was 55.3 years (SD: 5.75). More than half of the women (51%) reported having a BC screening in the past 12 months. However, only 12.5% and 16.9% reported having a CBE or mammogram in the past 12 months. The prevalence of a high, moderate, and low level of fear was 68%, 22.3%, and 9.8%, respectively. The prevalence of a high, moderate, and low self-efficacy level was 50.6%, 37.5%, and 12.0%, respectively. The multivariable logistics regression analysis showed that women aged 50-59 years and 60-64 years were 3.5 times (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 3.50, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.07-5.89, P < .0001), and 5.92 times (AOR = 5.92 95% CI: 2.63-13.35, P < .0001), respectively, more likely to perform mammogram than those aged 40-49 years. Women with a high level of self-efficacy were 2.68 times (AOR = 2.68, 95% CI: 1.15-6.26, P < .0001) more likely to use mammographic screening than those with low self-efficacy. Although not statistically significant, women with a moderate level of BC fear were 0.56 times less likely to use mammogram than women with a low level of BC fear. Conclusion: A low proportion of women underwent CBE or mammography. Women had a high level of BC fear and a moderate level of self-efficacy for BC screening. The findings emphasize the need for health educational and psychosocial interventions that improve self-efficacy and promote regular BC screening among middle-aged women.

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Barriers to mammography screening in Nigeria: A survey of two communities with different access to screening facilities

Cited by 23 publications

References 29 publications

Breast Cancer Knowledge and Mammography Uptake among Women Aged 40 Years and Above in Calabar Municipality, Nigeria

Breast Cancer Knowledge and Mammography Uptake among Women Aged 40 Years and Above in Calabar Municipality, Nigeria

Knowledge and Practice of Breast Cancer Screening Methods among Female Community Pharmacists in Jordan: A Cross-Sectional Study

Association of Sociodemographic Factors, Breast Cancer Fear, and Perceived Self-Efficacy With Breast Cancer Screening Behaviors Among Middle-Aged Nigerian Women

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