“…Possession of knowledge and positive beliefs about the intervention were reported as facilitators by 35 studies [ 13 , 14 , 16 – 19 , 24 , 35 , 39 , 40 , 45 , 46 , 49 , 51 – 53 , 55 – 57 , 59 – 61 , 64 , 70 , 72 , 73 , 75 , 78 , 80 , 81 , 83 , 85 , 86 , 89 , 27 ]. For example, familiarity with expert guidelines, perceived knowledge and skills of early alcohol intervention, and receiving higher levels of education training in alcohol were significantly associated with screening or intervention activity in one multi-country study and four others in Sweden, the USA, Spain, and Norway [ 18 , 40 , 55 , 61 , 75 ]. On the other hand, lack of knowledge, skills, or low awareness of alcohol problems were cited as barriers by 25 studies [ 13 , 15 , 16 , 20 – 22 , 24 , 26 , 35 , 37 , 41 , 57 – 60 , 64 , 68 , 70 , 74 , 78 – 80 , 82 , 91 , 93 ].…”