“…With aging, some adults experience physical or cognitive decline, and some have poor health problems, such as chronic illnesses, multiple pathologies and functional weakness, resulting in a declining social role (Mittal and Griskevicius, 2016; Walsh et al , 2017). When older people reach a point in their lives at which they have limited ability to care for themselves and/or maintain quality of life through economic transactions (Hill and Sharma, 2020; Ho and Shirahada, 2020; Kang and Ridgway, 1996), they become underprivileged in the service ecosystem (Smith and Cooper-Martin, 1997). Not all elderly people are vulnerable; they become categorized as vulnerable only when they suffer a decline in their functional and social ability (Amine et al , 2021; Hill and Sharma, 2020; Ho and Shirahada, 2020; Kang and Ridgway, 1996).…”