Barriers to Converting Applied Social Psychology to Bettering the Human Condition

Trafimow, David; Osman, Magda

doi:10.1080/01973533.2022.2051327

Cited by 20 publications

(8 citation statements)

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“…Resistance to correcting misapprehensions of psychology may be affected by the intuitive nature of the myths around hypnosis, subliminal advertising and sleep research. These may contribute to continuing skepticism of the science as whole (Lilienfeld, 2012), as well as problems in how psychology portrays itself, where it fuels apprehensions by overstating the reliability of findings (Ferguson, 2015; Trafimow & Osman, 2022). Not only would greater efforts in science communication to the public increase understanding of the contributions and limitations of the field, it would also enable informed public debates concerning the application of psychological methods in day-to-day contexts, and where the ethical boundaries should lie.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of personalizing experiences of manipulation outside of awareness on autonomy.

Osman¹,

Bechlivanidis²

2022

Psychology of Consciousness: Theory, Research, and Practice

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Previous studies examining the relationship between beliefs about manipulation of behavior outside of awareness and free will reveal a weak association between both constructs. That is, people reconcile the two in such a way that there is room for free will despite mechanisms determining their behavior. The present study further explores the association between judgments of manipulation outside of awareness and free will, along with other judgments (ultimate control, personal experience, concern) in real-world scenarios where manipulation is expected to occur. The aim was to examine whether the relationship between manipulation outside of awareness and free will could be amplified if personalizing the experiences of the real-world examples was emphasized. To this end, Studies 1a (N = 111) and 1b (N = 106; replication) emphasized that people could have been manipulated, and in Studies 2a (N = 106) and 2b (N = 104; replication) emphasized that they had actually been manipulated. The findings revealed that when the degree of personalization increased, so did the strength of the negative correlation between judgments of manipulation without awareness and free will. A meta-analysis of all studies (8 studies, N = 1,230) that examined this relationship was conducted to locate where (by context, by individual scenario) the relationship between manipulation outside of awareness and free will was strongest. The findings reveal that the strongest associations were found in scenarios that are most prototypically associated with the unconscious (e.g., sleep research, subliminal priming, subliminal advertising, hypnotherapy).

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of personalizing experiences of manipulation outside of awareness on autonomy.

Osman¹,

Bechlivanidis²

2022

Psychology of Consciousness: Theory, Research, and Practice

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“…In the introduction, we explained why the size of regression coefficients, not just wheth er they are statistically significant, is important especially for applied research. Even if a regression coefficient is statistically significant, it might not be sufficiently large to justify expenditures necessary for a policy change (Trafimow & Osman, 2022). However, once the importance of regression coefficient size is acknowledged, there remains the crucial issue of the accuracy with which sample regression coefficients estimate popula tion regression coefficients.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In research that is beyond the initial exploration phase, independent variables with larger regression coefficients are typically considered better candidates for intervention, policy recommendations, or theoretical explanation than are independent variables with smaller regression coefficients. This is because policy makers must have reason not only to believe in the empirical relationship, but also that the relationship is sufficiently large to justify the costs of implementing a policy (Trafimow & Osman, 2022). Even for basic research, large regression coefficients are less susceptible to trivial alternative explanations than are smaller ones, all else being equal.…”

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confidence: 99%

The A Priori Procedure (APP) for estimating regression coefficients in linear models

et al. 2022

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Regression coefficients are crucial in the sciences, as researchers use them to determine which independent variables best explain the dependent variable. However, researchers obtain regression coefficients from data samples and wish to generalize to populations; without reason to believe that sample regression coefficients are good estimates of corresponding population regression coefficients, their usefulness would be curtailed. In turn, larger sample sizes provide better estimates than do smaller ones. There is much recent literature on the a priori procedure (APP) that was designed for the general purpose of determining the sample sizes needed to obtain sample statistics that are good estimates of corresponding population parameters. We provide an extension of the APP to regression coefficients, which works for standardized or unstandardized regression coefficients. A simulation study and real data example support the mathematical derivations. Also, we include a free and user-friendly computer program to aid researchers in making the calculations.

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“…There is also increasing debate over the importance of a socio-cultural approach to better understand infectious diseases ( 36 ). In addition, an attitude-behaviour gap in relation to COVID-19 preventive measures has been observed in recent studies ( 37 – 39 ). Fischer et al ( 37 ) also observed that, when governments enforce their people to adhere to certain COVID-19 preventive behaviours, cognitive dissonance will be induced.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 87%

The attitude-behaviour gap in biosecurity: Applying social theories to understand the relationships between commercial chicken farmers' attitudes and behaviours

Pao

Jackson²,

Yang³

et al. 2023

Front. Vet. Sci.

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IntroductionTraditionally, it is believed that people's behaviours align with their attitudes; however, during COVID-19 pandemic, an attitude-behaviour gap in relation to preventive measures has been observed in recent studies. As such, the mixed-methods research was used to examine the relationships between farmers' biosecurity attitudes and behaviours in Taiwan's chicken industry based on the cognitive consistency theory.MethodsContent analysis of face-to-face interviews with 15 commercial chicken farmers identified their biosecurity responses to infectious disease threats.ResultsThe results indicated the mismatch of farmers' attitudes and behaviours towards specific biosecurity measures, in that they act differently than they think. The findings of the qualitative research allowed the research team to conduct the subsequent quantitative, confirmatory assessment to investigate the mismatch of farmers' attitudes and behaviours in 303 commercial broiler farmers. Survey data were analyzed to discover the relationships between farmers' attitudes and behaviours in relation to 29 biosecurity measures. The results show a mixed picture. The percentage of the farmers who had the attitude-behaviour gap towards 29 biosecurity measures ranged from 13.9 to 58.7%. Additionally, at the 5% significant level, there is an association between farmers' attitudes and behaviours for 12 biosecurity measures. In contrast, a significant association does not exist for the other 17 biosecurity measures. Specifically, out of the 17 biosecurity measures, the disconnection of farmers' attitudes and behaviours was observed in three specific biosecurity measures such as using a carcass storage area.DiscussionBased on a fairly large sample of farmers in Taiwan, this study confirms the existence of an attitude-behaviour gap in context and applies social theories to provide an in-depth understanding of how infectious diseases are managed in the animal health context. As the results demonstrate the necessity of tailoring biosecurity strategies to address the gap, it is time to reconsider the current approach by understanding farmers' real attitudes and behaviours in relation to biosecurity for the success of animal disease prevention and control at the farm level.

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Barriers to Converting Applied Social Psychology to Bettering the Human Condition

Cited by 20 publications

References 100 publications

Impact of personalizing experiences of manipulation outside of awareness on autonomy.

Impact of personalizing experiences of manipulation outside of awareness on autonomy.

The A Priori Procedure (APP) for estimating regression coefficients in linear models

The attitude-behaviour gap in biosecurity: Applying social theories to understand the relationships between commercial chicken farmers' attitudes and behaviours

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