Baroreceptor and chemoreceptor reflexes in postganglionic neurones supplying skeletal muscle and hairy skin

Blumberg, H.; Jänig, Wilfrid; Rieckmann, C.; Szulczyk, Paweł

doi:10.1016/0165-1838(80)90013-2

Cited by 65 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…In contrast, about 60 % or more of the postganglionic neurones supplying skin of the cat hindlimb and tail are inhibited by noxious stimulation of skin (Horeyseck & Janig, 1974;Grosse & Janig, 1976;Janig & Kiimmel, 1977). Most of these neurones are also inhibited by chemoreceptor stimulation (Blumberg et al 1980;Jiinig, 1985) and exhibit a weak cardiac rhythmicity in their activity, but like 6/7 group II neurones in the present study show some inhibition when systemic blood pressure is raised substantially (Blumberg et al 1980;Janig, 1985). These neurones are active during inspiration as well as expiration; in most of them a respiratory modulation of 334 CLASSIFICATION OF SYMPATHETIC NEURONES the activity is barely detectable (Gregor et al 1977;Jinig, KUmmel & Wiprich, 1980;Boczek-Funcke et al 1992b).…”

Section: Muscle and Cutaneous Vasoconstrictor Neuronesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These neurones exhibit a high degree of cardiac rhythmicity in their activity (Gregor, Jiinig & Wiprich, 1977;Blumberg et al 1980) and are active during inspiration as well as expiration with a peak during phrenic nerve discharge depending on the respiratory drive (Boczek-Funcke, Hhbler, Jinig & Michaelis, 1992 b). Group I neurones (Table 1) are almost identical in their discharge pattern to muscle vasoconstrictor neurones.…”

Section: Classification Of Sympathetic Neuronesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Classification of preganglionic neurones projecting into the cat cervical sympathetic trunk.

Boczek-Funcke

Dembowsky

Häbler

et al. 1992

The Journal of Physiology

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SUMMARY1. The spontaneous and reflex activity patterns of 167 single preganglionic axons dissected from the cervical sympathetic trunk were examined in chloraloseanaesthetized cats. Each neurone was classified into one of four major groups, on the basis of three principal criteria: the presence or absence of significant cardiac rhythmicity of the activity, the response to noxious stimulation of the skin, and the coupling of its activity to central inspiratory drive (phrenic nerve activity). Most neurones were also subjected to additional tests, which included carotid chemoreceptor stimulation, nasopharyngeal probing, systemic hypercapnia (ventilation with 8 % C02), hyperventilation, adrenaline-induced blood pressure rises and retinal illumination.2. Group I neurones (n = 69; 41 %) showed significant cardiac rhythmicity, indicating strong baroreceptor control. Most (54/69) were excited by noxious stimuli, the rest being unaffected. Their activity showed variable degrees of excitatory coupling to the central inspiratory drive, and was enhanced by hypercapnia (35/39 A. BOCZEK-FUNCKE AND OTHERS fired during the central inspiratory phase and sometimes during late expiration. Their responses to noxious stimulation (28/33), chemoreceptor stimulation (8/11) and nasopharyngeal probing (24/24) were excitatory, but the induced activity was 'gated' by the respiratory cycle, occurring primarily during inspiration and avoiding the postinspiratory phase.5. Group IV neurones (n = 26; 16%) showed no significant cardiac or respiratory related activity and were either excited (n = 22) or unaffected (n = 4) by noxious stimuli. One of the latter and three group II neurones were inhibited by retinal illumination; thirty-one other neurones of all classes were unaffected.6. Approximately 45 % of thoracic sympathetic neurones were silent under the experimental conditions. About 25 % of these could be recruited by systemic hypercapnia leaving 34% without spontaneous and reflex activity.7. It is concluded that the thoracic sympathetic outflow into the cervical trunk consists of distinct types of preganglionic neurone. Group I neurones behave similarly to muscle vasoconstrictor neurones and group II neurones to cutaneous vasoconstrictor neurones of the lumbar sympathetic supply to the hindlimb. Group III neurones, and those inhibited by light, have no counterpart in the lumbar supply. The functional implications are discussed.

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Section: Muscle and Cutaneous Vasoconstrictor Neuronesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Classification Of Sympathetic Neuronesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Classification of preganglionic neurones projecting into the cat cervical sympathetic trunk.

Boczek-Funcke

Dembowsky

Häbler

et al. 1992

The Journal of Physiology

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“…Although most observations were carried out in the immediate postcontraction hyperaemic phase, similar results were obtained when the tests of stimulation of the carotid chemoreceptors were made during the latter part of the period of the active contractions. Sympathetic noradrenergic fibres are known to be involved in the vasoconstrictor responses in muscle as a result of stimulation of receptors in the nasal mucosa (Angell- James & Daly, 1972) and carotid chemoreceptors (Daly & Scott, 1962;Blumberg et al 1980;this paper). These results are therefore not reported.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Trigeminal and carotid body inputs controlling vascular resistance in muscle during post‐contraction hyperaemia in cats

Daly

Cook

1999

The Journal of Physiology

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1. In anaesthetized cats, the effects of stimulation of the receptors in the nasal mucosa and carotid body chemoreceptors on vascular resistance in hindlimb skeletal muscle were studied to see whether the responses were the same in active as in resting muscle. The measurements of vascular resistance were taken, first, in resting muscle, and second, in the immediate post-contraction hyperaemic phase that followed a 30 s period of isometric contractions. 2. Stimulation of the receptors in the nasal mucosa caused reflex apnoea and vasoconstriction in muscle. The latter response was attenuated when the test was repeated during post-contraction hyperaemia. 3. Stimulations of the carotid bodies were made during a period of apnoea evoked reflexly by electrical stimulation of both superior laryngeal nerves. This apnoea prevented any effects of changes in respiration on the carotid body reflex vascular responses. Stimulation of the carotid bodies evoked hindlimb muscle vasoconstriction. In the post-contraction hyperaemic period, the response was reduced or abolished. A similar attenuation of the reflex vasoconstrictor responses occurred in decentralized muscles stimulated through their motor roots in the cauda equina. 4. Evidence is presented that the attenuation of the vasoconstrictor responses evoked by the two reflexes is a phenomenon localized to the contracting muscles themselves resulting from an interaction between sympathetic neuronal activity and the local production of metabolites. 5. The results are discussed in relation to the metabolic needs of tissues in relation to asphyxial defence mechanisms such as occur in the diving response.

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“…18 The lumbar sympathetic nerve on the other hand is composed of postganglionic muscle and skin fibers of various modalities such as vasomotor, sudomotor, and piloelector fibers. 28 As demonstrated in single-fiber preparations in laboratory animals 29 and microneurograms in humans, 30 these fibers behave differently with respect to their rate and temporal pattern Responses of the four rat groups were compared by means of one-way ANOVA. *P<.05, **P<.01 compared with the control group; tP<.05, ffP<.01 compared with the high salt/normal caldum group.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

High calcium diet prevents baroreflex impairment in salt-loaded spontaneously hypertensive rats.

et al. 1994

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To investigate the role of the sympathetic control mechanism in the antihypertensive effect of dietary calcium supplementation, we examined whether a high calcium diet affected mean arterial pressure, renal sympathetic nerve activity, heart rate, and overall and central properties of the arterial baroreceptor reflex in salt-loaded young spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). Six-week-old SHR were fed either a normal (0.66%) or high (8.00%) salt diet with either a normal (1.17%) or high (4.07%) calcium content for 4 weeks. The arterial baroreceptor reflex was elicited with rats under halothane anesthesia by altering mean arterial pressure with nitroprusside or phenylephrine. The overall property of the arterial baroreceptor reflex was assessed by the median mean arterial pressure (MAP 50 ) and maximal gain (G maJ ) of the relation between mean arterial pressure and renal sympathetic nerve activity and between mean arterial pressure and heart rate. The central property of the arterial baroreceptor reflex was assessed by reflex inhibition of renal sympathetic nerve activity and heart rate elicited by electrical stimulation of the aortic depressor nerve. Compared with the control group fed a normal salt/normal calcium diet, the high salt/normal cal-A Ithough epidemiologic studies have shown an / \ inverse relation between daily oral calcium A. \ . intake and the level of arterial pressure, 12 clinical 3 -4 and experimental 57 studies do not ubiquitously support the hypothesis that dietary calcium has an antihypertensive effect. With respect to hypertensive rat models, however, dietary calcium supplementation has been shown to consistently prevent saltinduced hypertension in Dahl salt-sensitive rats, 8 young spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR), 569 and angiotensin H-treated rats.7 Moreover, evidence suggests that alteration of sympathetic activity may be involved in the antihypertensive effect of dietary calcium in these models. 6 -8 The arterial baroreceptor reflex (ABR) is a major mechanism in the central control of arterial pressure, heart rate (HR), and sympathetic vasomotor activity. 10 The ABR has been demonstrated to be impaired in certain salt-sensitive animal models"-14 and patients with hypertension.15 Moreover, a high calcium diet inReceived January 27, 1994; accepted in revised form April 13, 1994.From the Fourth Department of Internal Medicine (A.O., T.F.) and Department of Physiology (T.K., W.-H.C, M.K.), The University of Tokyo (Japan).Correspondence to Toshiro Fujita, MD, Fourth Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Tokyo School of Medicine, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112, Japan.© 1994 American Heart Association, Inc.cium group had significantly higher mean arterial pressure and renal sympathetic nerve activity but not heart rate. Moreover, the arterial baroreceptor reflex was impaired in the latter group, as evidenced by an increase in MAP 50 and decrease in G max of the two relations and an attenuation of reflex inhibition of renal sympathetic nerve activity by aortic depressor ne...

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Baroreceptor and chemoreceptor reflexes in postganglionic neurones supplying skeletal muscle and hairy skin

Cited by 65 publications

References 30 publications

Classification of preganglionic neurones projecting into the cat cervical sympathetic trunk.

Classification of preganglionic neurones projecting into the cat cervical sympathetic trunk.

Trigeminal and carotid body inputs controlling vascular resistance in muscle during post‐contraction hyperaemia in cats

High calcium diet prevents baroreflex impairment in salt-loaded spontaneously hypertensive rats.

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