Barnacle settlement and the adhesion of protein and diatom microfouling to xerogel films with varying surface energy and water wettability

Finlay, John A.; Bennett, Sally; Brewer, Lenora; Sokolova, Anastasiya; Clay, Gemma; Gunari, Nikhil; Meyer, Anne E.; Walker, Gilbert C.; Wendt, Dean E.; Callow, Maureen E.; Callow, James A.; Detty, Michael R.

doi:10.1080/08927014.2010.506242

Cited by 97 publications

(87 citation statements)

References 44 publications

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“…The xerogel surfaces are inexpensive and robust, characterized by uniform surface roughness/topography and cover a range of wettabilities and surface energies. The settlement of barnacle cyprids and algal zoospores was highly correlated with surface energy and wettability, as was the removal of algal (Ulva) sporelings (young plants) and adhered diatoms 62,65 . However, the response to these surface parameters was not uniform; cypris larvae of Balanus amphitrite prefered to settle on xerogel surfaces with high wettability and high surface energy 65 , .…”

Section: (2) (2)mentioning

confidence: 98%

“…The settlement of barnacle cyprids and algal zoospores was highly correlated with surface energy and wettability, as was the removal of algal (Ulva) sporelings (young plants) and adhered diatoms 62,65 . However, the response to these surface parameters was not uniform; cypris larvae of Balanus amphitrite prefered to settle on xerogel surfaces with high wettability and high surface energy 65 , . The current xerogel formulations are only suitable for low-fouling freshwater environments in which slime predominates, as the thin (~1 µm) xerogels do not have fouling-release properties for adult barnacles.…”

Section: (2) (2)mentioning

confidence: 98%

“…Organically modified, hybrid xerogel coatings prepared by the sol-gel process have been shown to possess AF and fouling-release characteristics [62][63][64][65] . The xerogel surfaces are inexpensive and robust, characterized by uniform surface roughness/topography and cover a range of wettabilities and surface energies.…”

Section: (2) (2)mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Trends in the development of environmentally friendly fouling-resistant marine coatings

2011

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'marine biofouling', the undesired growth of marine organisms such as microorganisms, barnacles and seaweeds on submerged surfaces, is a global problem for maritime industries, with both economic and environmental penalties. the primary strategy for combating marine fouling is to use biocide-containing paints, but environmental concerns and legislation are driving science and technology towards non-biocidal solutions based solely on physico-chemical and materials properties of coatings. advances in nanotechnology and polymer science, and the development of novel surface designs 'bioinspired' by nature, are expected to have a significant impact on the development of a new generation of environmentally friendly marine coatings. Marine biofouling, the colonization of submerged surfaces by unwanted marine organisms ( Fig. 1), has detrimental effects on shipping and leisure vessels, heat exchangers, oceanographic sensors and aquaculture systems. For example, it has been shown that the increased roughness presented by a heavily fouled ship hull can result in powering penalties of up to 86% at cruising speed; even relatively light fouling by diatom 'slimes' can generate a 10-16% penalty 1 . Without effective antifouling (AF) measures, in order to maintain speed, fuel consumption (and therefore greenhouse gas emissions 2 ) increase significantly. A recent analysis of the economic impact of biofouling for the Arleigh Burke DDG-51 destroyers, which comprise 30% of the ships in the US Navy fleet, estimates the overall cost associated with hull fouling at $56 million per annum 3 . This figure is based on the present AF coating system, cleaning and fouling level (typically heavy slime) of the Navy. If the analysis is extended to the entire US Navy fleet, the approximate cost of hull fouling is between $180 and 260 million per annum.Marine biofouling is ubiquitous and has been a practical problem ever since man sailed the oceans; controlling it, without simultaneously creating unacceptable environmental impacts on non-target species is a considerable challenge. Recent years have seen a resurgence of interest in the fundamental science behind the processes involved in biofouling, and in the design of novel coatings and other non-coating technologies. The main driver for this is legislation that has outlawed some highly effective AF paints, notably the use of tributyltin oxide, and posed a stricter evaluation and regulatory regime on the use of alternative biocides. 'Green' alternatives to biocide-based technologies are therefore urgently sought by the marine coatings industry, and there is considerable interest in developing biocide-free coatings that rely on surface physico-chemical and bulk materials properties to either deter organisms from attaching in the first place ('prevention is better than cure') or reduce the adhesion strength of those that do attach, so that they are easily removed by the shear forces generated by ship movement or mild mechanical cleaning devices.

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Section: (2) (2)mentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: (2) (2)mentioning

confidence: 98%

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Trends in the development of environmentally friendly fouling-resistant marine coatings

2011

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“…19 The duration of experiments and analysis and presentation of data are similar to the droplet assay.…”

mentioning

confidence: 93%

“…6,36,39 Spores and young plants of the green alga U. linza are commonly used with a flow-channel apparatus, as is the diatom N. perminuta. 19 As with the water jet, cell, spore or sporeling density or biomass is quantified initially. The slides are then placed in the flow-channel apparatus and wall shear stresses are generated through turbulent flow that is created along a low-aspect ratio section of the channel just preceding the experimental slides.…”

Section: Flow Channelmentioning

confidence: 99%

Methods of assessing antifouling and foul-release efficacy of non-toxic marine coatings

Wendt

2017

Green Materials

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The ability to assess the performance of novel, non-toxic coatings is essential to developing environmentally benign solutions to control biofouling, which is the accumulation of organisms on man-made structures in aquatic environments. In the past decade, the methods for screening experimental coatings have increased and subsequently improved the ability to down-select the best candidate coatings rapidly. The standard approaches involve a series of assays that first examine the efficacy of non-toxic coatings as antifouling surfaces by quantifying the settlement of algal spores and invertebrate larval stages. Following settlement assays, coatings are often tested for their efficacy at limiting adhesion (i.e. 'foul-release' performance) by using a variety of techniques and marine organisms, including bacteria, algae and invertebrate larval and adult stages. This overview serves to describe the current techniques and technologies used in assessing marine coatings and acts as a gateway into the primary literature.

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Efficacy testing of nonbiocidal and fouling‐release coatings

Callow

Conlan

et al. 2014

Biofouling Methods

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Barnacle settlement and the adhesion of protein and diatom microfouling to xerogel films with varying surface energy and water wettability

Cited by 97 publications

References 44 publications

Trends in the development of environmentally friendly fouling-resistant marine coatings

Trends in the development of environmentally friendly fouling-resistant marine coatings

Methods of assessing antifouling and foul-release efficacy of non-toxic marine coatings

Efficacy testing of nonbiocidal and fouling‐release coatings

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