Barium titanate microspheres by low temperature hydrothermal method: studies on structural, morphological, and optical properties

Abstract

The barium titanate (BT) microspheres were synthesized via the low temperature hydrothermal technique. The X-ray diffraction pattern confirmed the formation of cubic perovskite structure of the material. The average crystallite size (D p) was found to be of 21 nm using the Scherrer method. The Williamson-Hall plot was drawn for evaluating the micro-strain and crystallite diameter. The relation between micro-strain (ε) and D p was illustrated as a function of diffraction angle (2θ). The morphology was analyzed by field emission and transmission electron microscope. The results expressed the formation of microspheres. In addition to these, the optical bandgap (E op) and maximum absorption wavelength (λ m) were achieved to be of 3.23 eV and 340 nm, respectively. The presence of metal oxide bonds (M-O) was observed which in turn attributes the formation of cubic structure.

Optical and functional properties of hydrothermally synthesized tetragonal Ba0.4Cu0.6−xLaxTiO3 (x = 0.2–0.6) nanoparticles

“…This behavior can lead to exhibit the semiconducting nature. However, it is produced by atmospheric reduction method by doping with trivalent elements (La, Y & Sb) at Ba-cationic sites [13]. The ferroelectric nature of barium titanate (BT) mainly depends on the pressure, temperature, time of sintering, grain size, defects and different types of doping agents.…”

“…Many researchers prepared the BT bulk and nanoparticles through various methods like hydrothermal, sol-gel, micro-emulsion, polymeric precursor, conventional sintering and micro wave heating [15][16][17][18]. In addition, the BT microspheres were formed via the hydrothermal method [13]. Besides, the barium copper titanate nanoparticles with cubic structure were prepared and investigated for structural, morphological and optical properties via the hydrothermal technique [14].…”

Multiferroic Nature of Microwave‐Processed and Sol‐Gel Synthesized NanoPb1‐xCoxTiO3 (x = 0.2–0.8) Ceramics

“…This kind of high values of "S" may be expected to enhance the abovementioned properties while smaller values inhibit those properties. Williamson-Hall (W-H) plots (Figure 3) were drawn for βcosθ versus 4sinθ so as to calculate micro-strain (ε ) and average crystallite size (D ) with the help of following standard relation: [5] where slope of straight line provides micro-strain while crystallite size is related to intercept value. Thus, this established a correlation between ε and D parameters.…”

“…[2] The topographic studies mentioned in the literature showed the flat stone-and cubic-shaped lead titanate nanoparticles. [2] Moreover, the doped lead titanate materials like lead zirconium titatante (PZT) [4] and lead strontium titanate (PST) [5] are extensively studied due to their considerable dielectrical and ferroelectric properties for charge stored capacitor, transducer, and actuator applications. [1] Anyhow, the abovementioned properties will vary as the dopant/substituent is altered within the lead titanate system.…”

“…[1] Anyhow, the abovementioned properties will vary as the dopant/substituent is altered within the lead titanate system. In particular, the PZT [4] and PST [5] are popular for ferroelectric and the glass ceramic compound in their bulk form. Several researchers investigated the non-magnetic and magnetic titanates in nanoform for structural, photocatalysis, ferroelectric, and dielectric applications.…”