“…Relevant published evidence has already been partly systematically reviewed and/or meta-analyzed. Pertinent, prominent examples include (1) noninvasive techniques of respiratory support (e.g., high-flow nasal canula, continuous positive airway pressure), prone positioning (for ≥16 consecutive hours per day with lung-protective ventilation) and veno-venous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) in acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) of varying severity [ 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 ]; (2) use of RCT evidence-supported physiological targets such as ventilator driving pressure of <15 cmH 2 O during low-tidal volume ventilation in ARDS [ 11 ]; (3) adjunctive hydrocortisone with or without fludrocortisone in septic shock, and dexamethasone in ARDS (of COVID-19 or non-COVID-19 etiology) [ 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 ]; (4) targeted temperature management (e.g., hypothermia or normothermia with target temperature of 33 or ≤37.5 °C, respectively) after cardiac arrest [ 17 , 18 , 19 ]; (5) vasopressin, stress-dose steroids, and epinephrine in in-hospital cardiac arrest [ 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 ]; (6) early inhibition of fibrinolysis by tranexamic acid in acute severe bleeding due to trauma and in postpartum hemorrhage [ 25 , 26 , 27 ]; (7) nucleotide inhibition of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 RNA-dependent RNA polymerase [ 28 , 29 ]; and (8) immunomodulating interventions such as interleukin (IL)-6 receptor blockade, Janus kinase inhibition, or IL-1 alpha and IL-1 beta antagonism guided by soluble urokinase plasminogen receptor plasma levels in COVID-19 [ 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 ].…”