Barcoding in trypanosomes

Hutchinson, Rachel; Stevens, Jamie R.

doi:10.1017/s0031182017002049

Cited by 12 publications

(8 citation statements)

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“…The improvement of molecular approaches for the straightforward barcoding of Trypanosomatidae, including next-generation sequencing, has unveiling an increasing number of previously unidentified genera and species of trypanosomes in a wide range of vertebrate and invertebrate hosts [4, 9, 11–17, 19–23, 50, 56–62]. Recent descriptions of new species and genotypes has largely enriched the genetic diversity of the genus Trypanosoma , and drastically improved our understanding of their evolutionary histories, but are still far from counterbalancing the bias of studies towards pathogenic trypanosomatids in humans and livestock.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Shared species of crocodilian trypanosomes carried by tabanid flies in Africa and South America, including the description of a new species from caimans, Trypanosoma kaiowa n. sp.

Fermino

Paiva

Viola³

et al. 2019

Parasites Vectors

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Background The genus Trypanosoma Gruby, 1843 is constituted by terrestrial and aquatic phylogenetic lineages both harboring understudied trypanosomes from reptiles including an increasing diversity of crocodilian trypanosomes. Trypanosoma clandestinus Teixeira & Camargo, 2016 of the aquatic lineage is transmitted by leeches to caimans. Trypanosoma grayi Novy, 1906 of the terrestrial lineage is transmitted by tsetse flies to crocodiles in Africa, but the vectors of Neotropical caiman trypanosomes nested in this lineage remain unknown. Results Our phylogenetic analyses uncovered crocodilian trypanosomes in tabanids from South America and Africa, and trypanosomes other than T. grayi in tsetse flies. All trypanosomes found in tabanids clustered in the crocodilian clade (terrestrial lineage) forming six clades: Grayi (African trypanosomes from crocodiles and tsetse flies); Ralphi (trypanosomes from caimans, African and Brazilian tabanids and tsetse flies); Terena (caimans); Cay03 (caimans and Brazilian tabanids); and two new clades, Tab01 (Brazilian tabanid and tsetse flies) and Kaiowa. The clade Kaiowa comprises Trypanosoma kaiowa n. sp. and trypanosomes from African and Brazilian tabanids, caimans, tsetse flies and the African dwarf crocodile. Trypanosoma kaiowa n. sp. heavily colonises tabanid guts and differs remarkably in morphology from other caiman trypanosomes. This species multiplied predominantly as promastigotes on log-phase cultures showing scarce epimastigotes and exhibited very long flagellates in old cultures. Analyses of growth behavior revealed that insect cells allow the intracellular development of Trypanosoma kaiowa n. sp. Conclusions Prior to this description of Trypanosoma kaiowa n. sp., no crocodilian trypanosome parasitic in tabanid flies had been cultured, morphologically examined by light, scanning and transmission microscopy, and phylogenetically compared with other crocodilian trypanosomes. Additionally, trypanosomes thought to be restricted to caimans were identified in Brazilian and African tabanids, tsetse flies and the dwarf crocodile. Similar repertoires of trypanosomes found in South American caimans, African crocodiles and tabanids from both continents support the recent diversification of these transcontinental trypanosomes. Our findings are consistent with trypanosome host-switching likely mediated by tabanid flies between caimans and transoceanic migrant crocodiles co-inhabiting South American wetlands at the Miocene. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13071-019-3463-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Shared species of crocodilian trypanosomes carried by tabanid flies in Africa and South America, including the description of a new species from caimans, Trypanosoma kaiowa n. sp.

Fermino

Paiva

Viola³

et al. 2019

Parasites Vectors

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“…The analysis of trypanosome DNA using PCR is a sensitive and specific approach that allows the detection of infection in initial stages, low parasitemias, and identification of known and unknown species (Hutchinson and Stevens, 2018). A neglected source of DNA is the blood clot (BC), which is usually discarded after serum separation (Fitzwater et al, 2008; Lundblom et al, 2011; Bank et al, 2013).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Uncovering Trypanosoma spp. diversity of wild mammals by the use of DNA from blood clots

Rodrigues

Lima

Xavier

et al. 2019

International Journal for Parasitology: Parasites and Wildlife

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Trypanosoma spp. infection in wild mammals is detected mainly through parasitological tests that usually display low sensitivity. We propose the use of DNA extracted directly from blood clots (BC), which are neglected sources of DNA for diagnosis and identification of Trypanosoma spp. This approach followed by nested PCR targeting the 18S SSU rDNA demonstrated to be sensitive and suitable to evaluate the diversity of trypanosomes infecting sylvatic mammals, including subpatent and mixed infections. Infection was detected in 95/120 (79.2%) samples from bats, carnivores and marsupials that included negative serological and hemoculture testing mammals. Thirteen Trypanosoma spp. or Molecular Operational Taxonomic Units (MOTUs) were identified, including two new MOTUs. The high diversity of trypanosomes species and MOTUs infecting bats and marsupials showed that these hosts can be considered as bio-accumulators of Trypanosoma spp., with specimens of Didelphis spp. displaying the highest trypanosome diversity. The use of blood clots allowed direct access to non-culturable parasites, mixed infections, besides bypassing the selective pressure on the parasites inherent to cultivation procedures. Trypanosoma cruzi was the species found infecting the highest number of individuals, followed by T. lainsoni. Positive PCR for T. cruzi was observed in 16 seronegative individuals and 30 individuals with negative hemocultures. Also, T. lainsoni , previously found only in rodents, showed to be capable of infecting bats and marsupials. This finding makes it clear that some species of Trypanosoma are more generalist than previously thought. Molecular diagnosis using nested PCR from DNA extracted from BC allowed the increase of the knowledge about host-spectrum and distribution of Trypanosoma spp. and allowed the identification of new MOTUs.

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“…Parasites from the genus Trypanosoma (Trypanosomatida, Kinetoplastea) are flagellated protozoa that cause a wide range of diseases in both humans and animals. Such parasites are transmitted between hosts by insect vectors ( Hutchinson and Stevens, 2018 ). Among the numerous parasite species belonging to the genus Trypanosoma , some of them have medical ( T. cruzi , which cause Chagas disease in the Americas and T. brucei rhodesiense and T .…”

Section: Development Of E-ntpdases Inhibitorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

E-NTPDases: Possible Roles on Host-Parasite Interactions and Therapeutic Opportunities

Paes-Vieira

Gomes-Vieira

Meyer‐Fernandes

2021

Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol.

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Belonging to the GDA1/CD39 protein superfamily, nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolases (NTPDases) catalyze the hydrolysis of ATP and ADP to the monophosphate form (AMP) and inorganic phosphate (Pi). Several NTPDase isoforms have been described in different cells, from pathogenic organisms to animals and plants. Biochemical characterization of nucleotidases/NTPDases has revealed the existence of isoforms with different specificities regarding divalent cations (such as calcium and magnesium) and substrates. In mammals, NTPDases have been implicated in the regulation of thrombosis and inflammation. In parasites, such as Trichomonas vaginalis, Trypanosoma spp., Leishmania spp., Schistosoma spp. and Toxoplasma gondii, NTPDases were found on the surface of the cell, and important processes like growth, infectivity, and virulence seem to depend on their activity. For instance, experimental evidence has indicated that parasite NTPDases can regulate the levels of ATP and Adenosine (Ado) of the host cell, leading to the modulation of the host immune response. In this work, we provide a comprehensive review showing the involvement of the nucleotidases/NTPDases in parasites infectivity and virulence, and how inhibition of NTPDases contributes to parasite clearance and the development of new antiparasitic drugs.

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Barcoding in trypanosomes

Cited by 12 publications

References 105 publications

Shared species of crocodilian trypanosomes carried by tabanid flies in Africa and South America, including the description of a new species from caimans, Trypanosoma kaiowa n. sp.

Shared species of crocodilian trypanosomes carried by tabanid flies in Africa and South America, including the description of a new species from caimans, Trypanosoma kaiowa n. sp.

Uncovering Trypanosoma spp. diversity of wild mammals by the use of DNA from blood clots

E-NTPDases: Possible Roles on Host-Parasite Interactions and Therapeutic Opportunities

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