“…Thus, we expect a positive relationship between the distance-to-default value of insurance companies and equity returns. Pasricha (2009) shows that financial market integration can influence the performance of financial firms. A measure of financial openness is the Chinn-Ito index (KA-open), which measures a country's degree of capital account openness (Chinn and Ito, 2008)-a large value indicates low restrictions of cross-border financial transactions.…”