Bandwidth and sample rate requirements for wearable head impact sensors

Wu, Lawrence Shih-Hsin; Laksari, Kaveh; Kuo, Calvin; Luck, Jason F.; Kleiven, Svein; Bass, Cameron R.; Camarillo, David B.

doi:10.1016/j.jbiomech.2016.07.004

Cited by 63 publications

(63 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…The xPatch is reported to sample linear acceleration at 1000 Hz and angular motion at 800 Hz. 31 The low sampling frequency may be a possible cause for the underprediction of results. Unhelmeted impacts require a higher frequency and bandwidth than helmeted sports, due to the shorter duration of the impact.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This requirement will have a greater influence on the accuracy of the angular motion data as it has been found that, for dummy helmeted impacts, gyroscopes require bandwidths of 500 and 740 Hz if numerical differentiation is used to calculate rotational acceleration. 31 The bandwidth of the gyroscopes in the xPatch may be too low as it has been reported that most of these sensors have a bandwidth of 110 Hz. 31 In this study, both the reference and the xPatch rotational acceleration data were computed using a numerical differentiation method.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…31 The bandwidth of the gyroscopes in the xPatch may be too low as it has been reported that most of these sensors have a bandwidth of 110 Hz. 31 In this study, both the reference and the xPatch rotational acceleration data were computed using a numerical differentiation method. This method amplifies the noise on the signal, and this was particularly apparent on severe impacts where large errors in the rotational acceleration data occurred.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Recording all head impacts accurately, without either over-or underprediction, is important in studies of player welfare. 34,35 To date, the xPatch sensor has been used to collect cumulative data in helmeted 31 and unhelmeted sports. 23 King et al 23 utilised the xPatch to measure the magnitude, frequency and location of head impacts sustained by under 9s Rugby Union players over the course of four consecutive matches.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Evaluation of skin-mounted sensor for head impact measurement

Tiernan

Byrne

O’Sullivan

2019

Proc Inst Mech Eng H

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The requirement to measure the number and severity of head impacts in sports has led to the development of many wearable sensors. The objective of this study was to determine the reliability and accuracy of a wearable head impact sensor: xPatch, X2Biosystems, Inc. The skin-mounted sensor, xPatch, was fixed onto a Hybrid III headform and dropped using an impact test rig. A total of 400 impacts were performed, ranging from 20g to 200g linear acceleration, and impact velocities of 1.2-3.9 m/s. During each impact, the peak linear acceleration, angular velocity and angular acceleration were recorded and compared to the reference calibrated data. Impacts were also recorded using a high-speed video camera. The results show that the linear acceleration recorded by the xPatch during frontal and side impacts had errors of up to 24% when compared to the referenced data. The angular velocity and angular acceleration had substantially larger errors of up to 47.5% and 57%, respectively. The location of the impact had a significant effect on the results: if the impact was to the side of the head, the device on that side may have an error of up to 71%, thus highlighting the importance of device location. All impacts were recorded using two separate xPatches and, in certain cases, the difference in angular velocity between the devices was 43%. In conclusion, the xPatch can be useful for identifying impacts and recording linear accelerations during front and side impacts, but the rotational velocity and acceleration data need to be interpreted with caution.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Evaluation of skin-mounted sensor for head impact measurement

Tiernan

Byrne

O’Sullivan

2019

Proc Inst Mech Eng H

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“…This is an important gap in knowledge especially since impact biomechanics of the brain is by-and-large a transient phenomenon, spanning a few to a hundred milliseconds [22,31]. Previous studies have shown a strong dependence of brain motion and deformation on the frequency of the input loading [32][33][34][35][36]. Margulies et al showed that the maximum strain induced in a brain surrogate material had a strong dependence on the frequency of the applied head motion with peak values occurring near 25 Hz [37,38].…”

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confidence: 99%

Mechanistic Insights into Human Brain Impact Dynamics through Modal Analysis

et al. 2018

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Although concussion is one of the greatest health challenges today, our physical understanding of the cause of injury is limited. In this Letter, we simulated football head impacts in a finite element model and extracted the most dominant modal behavior of the brain's deformation. We showed that the brain's deformation is most sensitive in low frequency regimes close to 30 Hz, and discovered that for most subconcussive head impacts, the dynamics of brain deformation is dominated by a single global mode. In this Letter, we show the existence of localized modes and multimodal behavior in the brain as a hyperviscoelastic medium. This dynamical phenomenon leads to strain concentration patterns, particularly in deep brain regions, which is consistent with reported concussion pathology. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.120.138101 Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major cause of death and disability in the United States, contributing to about 30% of all injury-related deaths [1,2]. Every year, millions of Americans are diagnosed with TBI [3,4], 80% of which are categorized as mild [2]. Undiagnosed cases, due to either lack of clinical expertise or underreporting, might be twice as high [5][6][7][8]. Given that mild TBI (MTBI), or concussion, has become a serious health concern in society, the burden of understanding and preventing it has become ever more indisputable for clinicians and physicists alike.Efforts to model the brain's physics date back to the 1940s when Holbourn proposed the head as a mechanical system and explored the relation between the input to this system (in the form of head motion) to the output (in the form of relative brain displacement) [9,10]. Kornhauser proposed isodisplacement curves in a second-order springmass system representing relative brain displacement as a measure for classifying injury [11]. Others have also showed that, in different loading regimes, injury could be more sensitive to peak acceleration or maximum change in velocity or a combination of both [12,13]. Since then, many scientists have investigated the brain's response in severe scenarios of TBI with skull flexure [14,15], and more recently in mild scenarios with mostly inertial loading on the brain [16][17][18]. In particular, for helmeted sports, much of previous research has focused on brain deformation while assuming a rigid skull. In time, with the advances in imaging techniques, axonal injury, which requires excessive regional stretching of axons [19,20], has become one of the leading hypotheses behind the mechanism of concussions. Confirming this hypothesis, strain in the brain and specifically strain in the periventricular region of the brain-with the highest density of axon fibers-have been shown to correlate best with acute concussion and longterm neurological deficits [21][22][23][24]. However, dynamical behavior of the brain during rapid head motions with various amplitudes, durations, and directions, as well as the reason for higher susceptibility of these deep regions of the brain to strain are still largely unknow...

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Concussion Mechanism: Biomechanical Perspectives

Laksari

Kurt

2022

Tackling the Concussion Epidemic

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Bandwidth and sample rate requirements for wearable head impact sensors

Cited by 63 publications

References 25 publications

Evaluation of skin-mounted sensor for head impact measurement

Evaluation of skin-mounted sensor for head impact measurement

Mechanistic Insights into Human Brain Impact Dynamics through Modal Analysis

Concussion Mechanism: Biomechanical Perspectives

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