Band-Edge Electroabsorption in Quantum Well Structures: The Quantum-Confined Stark Effect

Miller, D. A. B.; Chemla, D. S.; Damen, T. C.; Gossard, A. C.; Wiegmann, W.; Wood, Thomas H.; Burrus, C.A.

doi:10.1103/physrevlett.53.2173

Cited by 1,679 publications

(785 citation statements)

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“…A quadratic shift was also observed in the quantum confined Stark effect [4,25]. The best fit for all 13 tubes studied here is achieved with κ b = 3.4.…”

supporting

confidence: 51%

“…Almost fifty years ago Franz and Keldysh predicted that a static electric field would modify the linear optical properties of the 3D semiconductors near their absorption edge [2, 3]. They showed that the absorption coefficient decays exponentially for photons below the bandgap and shows oscillations for energies above the bandgap.The interest in electroabsorption was revived about three decades latter after discovery of the Quantum-Confined Stark Effect in 2D quantum well structures [4,5]. Large Stark shifts were observed in fields directed perpendicular to the 2D planes.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Exciton Ionization, Franz−Keldysh, and Stark Effects in Carbon Nanotubes

Perebeinos¹,

2007

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We calculate the optical properties of carbon nanotubes in an external static electric field directed along the tube axis. We predict strong Franz-Keldysh oscillations in the first and second band-toband absorption peaks, quadratic Stark effect of the first two excitons, and the field dependence of the bound exciton ionization rate for a wide range of tube chiralities. We find that the phonon assisted mechanism dominates the dissociation rate in electro-optical devices due to the hot optical phonons. We predict a quadratic dependence of the Sommerfeld factor on the electric field and its increase up to 2000% at the critical field of the full exciton dissociation.Semiconducting carbon nanotubes are direct bandgap materials which have attracted much attention recently for nanophotonic applications [1]. Almost fifty years ago Franz and Keldysh predicted that a static electric field would modify the linear optical properties of the 3D semiconductors near their absorption edge [2, 3]. They showed that the absorption coefficient decays exponentially for photons below the bandgap and shows oscillations for energies above the bandgap.The interest in electroabsorption was revived about three decades latter after discovery of the Quantum-Confined Stark Effect in 2D quantum well structures [4,5]. Large Stark shifts were observed in fields directed perpendicular to the 2D planes. In 1D carbon nanotubes, excitons were predicted to have large binding energies [6] and to dominate the absorption spectra [7,8], a fact which was verified experimentally by two-photon spectroscopy [9,10] and from the observation of the phonon sidebands in photoconductivity spectra [11]. The exciton binding energies in carbon nanotubes have interesting scaling properties [8] and they can be as small as those in 2D structures and as large as 30% of their bandgap depending on both the nanotube structure and the environment.It has been long recognized that excitonic effects enhance significantly the electroabsorption sig-

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“…A quadratic shift was also observed in the quantum confined Stark effect [4,25]. The best fit for all 13 tubes studied here is achieved with κ b = 3.4.…”

supporting

confidence: 51%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Exciton Ionization, Franz−Keldysh, and Stark Effects in Carbon Nanotubes

Perebeinos¹,

2007

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“…For semiconductors and their heterostructures, the optical field causes decrease of the bandgap between the valence and conduction band known as Franz-Keldysh effect 14,15 and quantum-confined Stark effect 16,17 , respectively. For conjugated molecules, which are organic semiconductors, it has been predicted that the Stark effect decreases the gap between the occupied and unoccupied molecular orbits leading to absorption of the initially non-resonant pulses and electrical currents due to the ω − 2ω interference 18 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Theory of dielectric nanofilms in strong ultrafast optical fields

Apalkov

Stockman

2012

Phys. Rev. B

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We theoretically predict that a dielectric nanofilm subjected to a normally-incident strong but ultrashort (a few optical oscillations) laser pulse exhibits deeply nonlinear (non-perturbative) optical responses which are essentially reversible and driven by the instantaneous optical field. Among them is a high optical polarization and a significant population of the conduction band, which develop at the peak of the pulse and almost disappear after its end. There is also a correspondingly large increase of the pulse reflectivity. These phenomena are related to Wannier-Stark localization and anticrossings between the Wannier-Stark ladders originating from the valence and conduction bands leading to optical "softening" of the dielectric. Theory is developed by solving self-consistently the Maxwell equations and the time-dependent Schrödinger equation. The results point out to a fundamental possibility of optical-field effect devices with the bandwidth on the order of optical frequency.

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“…Meanwhile, the EQE of longer-wavelength LEDs (green, yellow, red) is still relatively lower than for blue devices. For longer-wavelength LEDs with high indium content, the internal quantum efficiency (IQE) is mainly limited by the large spontaneous polarization and piezoelectric polarization induced by the large compressive strain in MQWs, leading to the spatial separation of electrons and holes, known as the quantum confined Stark effect (QCSE) [6][7][8][9][10]. Thus, increasing the indium incorporation into InGaN growth will increase the internal strain, which results in a lower IQE and more severe QCSE.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Efficiency enhancement of InGaN amber MQWs using nanopillar structures

Iida

Liu

et al. 2017

Nanophotonics

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Abstract:We have investigated the use of nanopillar structures on high indium content InGaN amber multiple quantum well (MQW) samples to enhance the emission efficiency. A significant emission enhancement was observed which can be attributed to the enhancement of internal quantum efficiency and light extraction efficiency. The size-dependent strain relaxation effect was characterized by photoluminescence, Raman spectroscopy and timeresolved photoluminescence measurements. In addition, the light extraction efficiency of different MQW samples was studied by finite-different time-domain simulations. Compared to the as-grown sample, the nanopillar amber MQW sample with a diameter of 300 nm has demonstrated an emission enhancement by a factor of 23.8.

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Band-Edge Electroabsorption in Quantum Well Structures: The Quantum-Confined Stark Effect

Cited by 1,679 publications

References 10 publications

Exciton Ionization, Franz−Keldysh, and Stark Effects in Carbon Nanotubes

Exciton Ionization, Franz−Keldysh, and Stark Effects in Carbon Nanotubes

Theory of dielectric nanofilms in strong ultrafast optical fields

Efficiency enhancement of InGaN amber MQWs using nanopillar structures

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