Banana Peel and Conductive Polymers-Based Flexible Supercapacitors for Energy Harvesting and Storage

Abstract

Flexible supercapacitors are highly demanding due to their wearability, washability, lightweight property and rollability. In this paper, a comprehensive review on flexible supercapacitors based on conductive polymers such as polypyrrole (PPy), polyaniline (PANI) and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxtthiophne)-polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS). Methods of enhancing the conductivity of PEDOT:PSS polymer using various composites and chemical solutions have been reviewed in detail. Furthermore, supercapacitors based on carbonized banana peels and methods of activation have been discussed in point. This review covers the up-to-date progress achieved in conductive polymer-based materials for supercapacitor electrodes. The effect of various composites with PEDOT:PSS have been discussed. The review result indicated that flexible, stretchable, lightweight, washable, and disposable wearable electronics based on banana peel and conductive polymers are highly demanding.

Intrinsically Conducting Polymer Composites as Active Masses in Supercapacitors

“…Pyrolysis of biomass may also yield carbonaceous materials with large nitrogen contents favorable for supercapacitor applications, including composite formation [ 197 , 198 , 199 , 200 ]; (why such material is called an electrocatalyst in [ 201 ] in this application remains mysterious, the article is also confusing elsewhere).…”

Valorization of Banana Peel Using Carbonization: Potential Use in the Sustainable Manufacturing of Flexible Supercapacitors

“…Most recently, carbon materials have been used as electrode materials in supercapacitor applications [ 20 ]. Carbon-based materials have shown dynamic progress in supercapacitor production [ 21 ], providing a capacitance value of 1730 F g −1 at 1 A g −1 in 1 mol L −1 KOH [ 22 ], 245 F/g for a three-electrode system [ 23 ], 118 F g −1 at 1 mA cm −2 [ 24 ], 300 F g −1 in 6.0 M KOH electrolytes [ 25 ], and 420 F g −1 at 1 A g −1 [ 26 ]. This indicates the excellent electrochemical performance of cellulose-based carbon materials for the production of supercapacitor materials.…”

PEDOT:PSS and Its Composites for Flexible Supercapacitors

“…27,28 The electrical conductivity of PPy (the conductivity could reach up to ∼380 S cm −1 ) and PANI (0.1−5 S cm −1 ) is much lower than that of PEDOT:PSS, which could reach up to 4000 S cm −1 . 29,30 contraction as a result of ion doping and dedoping, 31,32 which destroys the backbone of PANI and PPy, resulting in lifecycle weakening. On the contrary, PEDOT:PSS aqueous dispersion shows an excellent processability such that almost all filmforming methods could be employed.…”

“…Some of the commonly used CPs include polypyrrole (PPy), polyaniline (PANI), and poly­(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):polystyrenesulfonate (PEDOT:PSS). − However, PPy and PANI are not advantageous in the aspects of solution processability, electrical conductivity, and cyclic stability over PEDOT:PSS. PPy and PANI are not soluble in water, even in some organic solvents. , The electrical conductivity of PPy (the conductivity could reach up to ∼380 S cm –1 ) and PANI (0.1–5 S cm –1 ) is much lower than that of PEDOT:PSS, which could reach up to 4000 S cm –1 . , Moreover, PANI and PPy show a relatively poor cyclic stability. Charging and discharging cycles could bring about volumetric expansion and contraction as a result of ion doping and dedoping, , which destroys the backbone of PANI and PPy, resulting in lifecycle weakening.…”