Ballistic impact behavior of multilayered armor plates processed by hardfacing

Choo, Seong-Hun; Baek, Eung-Ryul; Lee, Sunghak

doi:10.1007/bf02663884

Cited by 11 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…2A). We believe this peak corresponds to hydrogen that was absorbed at the abundant dislocations in the martensite, consistent with other studies that used the same technique (12,24,25). On magnifying the scale of Fig.…”

supporting

confidence: 89%

“…However, the combination of the low level of interaction between an electron and hydrogen and the extremely fast diffusion of hydrogen in steels renders it extremely difficult to experimentally determine the location of hydrogen by electron microscopy (11). Thermal desorption spectroscopy (TDS) provides macroscale information about hydrogen desorption, but this hydrogen originates from all of the possible trapping sites, making it difficult to distinguish the contributions from the different types of hydrogen-containing features (12). This problem obscures our understanding of the specific roles of, for example, GBs, dislocations, and precipitates.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Observation of hydrogen trapping at dislocations, grain boundaries, and precipitates

Chen

Liang

et al. 2020

Science

339

108

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Hydrogen embrittlement of high-strength steel is an obstacle for using these steels in sustainable energy production. Hydrogen embrittlement involves hydrogen-defect interactions at multiple-length scales. However, the challenge of measuring the precise location of hydrogen atoms limits our understanding. Thermal desorption spectroscopy can identify hydrogen retention or trapping, but data cannot be easily linked to the relative contributions of different microstructural features. We used cryo-transfer atom probe tomography to observe hydrogen at specific microstructural features in steels. Direct observation of hydrogen at carbon-rich dislocations and grain boundaries provides validation for embrittlement models. Hydrogen observed at an incoherent interface between niobium carbides and the surrounding steel provides direct evidence that these incoherent boundaries can act as trapping sites. This information is vital for designing embrittlement-resistant steels.

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supporting

confidence: 89%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Observation of hydrogen trapping at dislocations, grain boundaries, and precipitates

Chen

Liang

et al. 2020

Science

339

108

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“…Figure 5(a) shows the presence of cracks in the hardfaced layer both parallel and normal to the bullet trajectory. When the projectile hits the hard layer directly, it proceeds off-beam and tends to produce more cracks in the hard layer [23]. This might lead to fragmentation and separation from the subsequent layers.…”

Section: Microstructurementioning

confidence: 99%

“…As the impact energy is intense near the impact point, an aggressive interaction between the bullet and the target causes a large amount of breakup of the hardfaced layer. The presence of cracks in this region after ballistic testing would be beneficial to stop the bullet penetration by absorbing ballistic impact energy due to cracking of the hardfaced layer and controlling the projectile travel direction to be vertical [23]. In Figs.…”

Section: Role Of Hardfaced Interlayer In Ballistic Performance Enhancmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This is attributed to the energy absorption, which is primarily achieved by the hardfaced layer through the generation of numerous cracks in both the longitudinal and transverse directions. The hard layer of high-carbon, high-chromium alloy absorbs the ballistic impact energy by forming a high density of cracks [23].…”

Section: Role Of Hardfaced Interlayer In Ballistic Performance Enhancmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Microstructural Analysis of Ballistic Tests on Welded Armor Steel Joints

Balakrishnan

Balasubramanian

Reddy

2013

Metallogr. Microstruct. Anal.

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The deformation and fracture behavior of welded joints made from quenched and tempered steel closely conforming to AISI 4340 were investigated. Due to weld thermal cycles and under matching fillers, the welded armor steel joints showed poor ballistic performance compared with the base metal (BM). The problems encountered in the past were reduced by depositing a soft austenitic stainless-steel buttering layer in between the BM and the hardfaced layer. This method showed enhancement in ballistic performance and good weld integrity. In this investigation, an attempt is made to investigate the microstructure after ballistic testing on the weld metal zone consisting of the hardfaced interlayer. The results reveal the microstructural characteristics before and after ballistic testing of armor steel welds fabricated using the shielded metal arc welding (SMAW) process.

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Microstructural Analysis of Electron Beam Cladded Surface Layers Using Co‐ and Fe‐Enriched Additives

Jung

Zenker²,

Lerche

et al. 2014

Adv Eng Mater

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In this report, an electron beam surface treatment technology is introduced by which applies a cladding layer of defined thickness is deposited on an austenitic steel (e.g., X6CrNiMoTi17‐12‐2) and a duplex steel (e.g., X2CrNiMoN22‐5‐3). The applied cladding alters the microstructure and, thus, the properties of the material's surface layer in such a way that a considerable improvement in mechanical properties is achieved. The Co‐ and Fe‐based additives used are deposited thermally to the base material in wire form by means of an electron beam (EB). The layer produced in this manner is free of cracks and pores, and is firmly bonded metallurgically to the substrate material. The cladding layers are evaluated with respect to their modification of the microstructure of the substrate material, and with respect to their effect on hardness. As a result of the high heating and cooling rates during EB application, an extremely fine, dendritic microstructure with homogenously distributed additive elements and low substrate material contents of between 19 and 37% is produced. An increase in hardness of between 2 and 3 times the hardness of the substrate material is thereby achieved.

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Ballistic impact behavior of multilayered armor plates processed by hardfacing

Cited by 11 publications

References 8 publications

Observation of hydrogen trapping at dislocations, grain boundaries, and precipitates

Observation of hydrogen trapping at dislocations, grain boundaries, and precipitates

Microstructural Analysis of Ballistic Tests on Welded Armor Steel Joints

Microstructural Analysis of Electron Beam Cladded Surface Layers Using Co‐ and Fe‐Enriched Additives

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