“…The value of DEM hitherto is demonstrated by the broad variety of applications reported in the literature and the wide range of industries where it has been applied, such as chemicals, pharmaceuticals, ceramics, metal, food and agricultural. Many DEM simulations have been published in the literature modelling diverse granular processes such as comminution (Djordjevic et al, 2003;Mori et al, 2004;Gudin et al, 2006;Powell et al, 2008;Tavares and Carvalho, 2009), granulation (Gantt and Gatzke, 2005;Hassanpour et al, 2009;Nakamura et al, 2009 ), flow in a hopper (Cleary and Sawley, 2003;Anand et al, 2008;Ketterhagen et al,2009;, die filling for tableting (Wu, 2008;Guo et al 2010), fracture of agglomerates (Kafui et al, 1994;Thornton et al,1996;Ning et al, 1997;Liu et al, 2010), packing of † particles (Matuttis et al, 2000;Zhang et al, 2001;Dutt et al, 2005;Lochmann et al, 2006;Fu et al, 2006;Aste et al, 2007), bulk compression of particles (Foo et al, 2004;Hassanpour and Ghadiri, 2004;Samimi et al, 2005;Markauskas and Kacianauskas, 2006;Mehrotra et al, 2009), flow in screw extruders and conveyers (Moysey and Thompson, 2005;Owen and Cleary, 2009), vibratory screening, filling of dragline bucket, conveyor belt design, earth-mover bulldozer plate design (Cleary, 2000(Cleary, , 2010Zhang et al, 2008). Another significant application for DEM simulations has been to study the mixing of granular materials, which is still poorly understood and is almost certainly carried out in non-optimal fashion...…”