Bali's Tourism Interests: Local Responses To Suharto's Globalization Policies

Abstract

During the Suharto regime many decisions were made unilaterally, and often profits from various endeavours outside of Java were redirected back to the capital. This article discusses how some Balinese political cartoonists reacted to the inequality and exploitation they felt characterized tourism related developments on their heavily visited island. Some of their work, which was done just as the New Order was coming to a close, is displayed and analysed here.

A conflict resolution model for sustainable heritage tourism

“…In the context of tourism research, increasing emphasis has been placed on self‐regulation as it involves participation and empowerment for the partners or stakeholders and thus achieves voluntary collaboration while integrating different points of view as a partnership (Ceron & Dubois, ; Lee et al, ; McKercher et al, ; Ostrom, ). However, equitable and democratic collaboration for tourism that sees cultural heritage as “common pool resources” (Ostrom, ) is unrealistic given the hypothesis of the economically rational person (Heenehan et al, ; Ostrom, ). The self‐regulatory system adopted here is therefore used to explore whether and how the psychological regulation aspect is illustrated in residents' decision‐making processes and to determine how this influences locals' focus towards their desired end states in conflict resolution.…”

On Moral Imagination and Indigenous Wisdom: How Leaders Approach Moral-Ethical Tension in Post-Modern Bali

“…Literature on tourism in Bali focuses on two forces that are driving cultural degradation in the region-(a) national policy on tourism coming from the central Jakarta government (b) the consumer-driven and hedonistic culture that has supplanted traditional perspectives and philosophical wisdom in the tourist zones. Ostrom (2000) and Picard (1997) state that the decision on the part of central Jakarta to open Bali for international tourism was made without the input and consideration of the local Balinese community or the regional government. Their involvement in Bali undoubtedly impacted the culture.…”

“…According to Romanos & Dudley Jenkins (2013), the central government, more focused on the economic development aspect of tourism, disregarded concern for the protection and preservation of the local cultural traditions, norms, customs, or the consequences of tourism and modernization for Balinese culture and society. Ostrom (2000) examined several problematic issues regarding how the central Jakarta government had a forceful impact on the way of life on the island raised by political cartoons produced during the Suharto era, a time when freedom of speech was suppressed and political dissent was expressed in subtle and indirect ways. Religion and the environment were desecrated as major investors from Jakarta and other areas outside Bali built near Tanah Lot temple and other holy areas on the island with the intention of capitalizing on the culture.…”

“…While many of these leadership theories contain virtues that are not part of Brown & Trevino's (2006) notion of ethical leadership (for example, being visionary or systems thinking), there are some commonly shared ethical elements in these leadership theories: an altruistic concern for others and a strong sense of internalized moral principles and identity. Virtues Ethical Leadership (Trevino et • Fair and principled decision-makers;2000 • Care about people and the broader society; 2005)…”