Balancing the Equation: A Natural History of Trimethylamine and Trimethylamine-<i>N</i>-oxide

Loo, Ruey Leng; Chan, Queenie; Nicholson, Jeremy K.; Holmes, Elaine

doi:10.1021/acs.jproteome.1c00851

Cited by 32 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 340 publications

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“…In addition, LC supplementation elevates plasma TMAO level. Studies have shown that TMAO is a risk factor for the development of noncommunicable diseases, but whether it affects the health status of people without any chronic diseases is widely discussed (65)(66)(67), and needs further research.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

L-Carnitine Combined with Leucine Supplementation Does Not Improve the Effectiveness of Progressive Resistance Training in Healthy Aged Women

Sawicka

Jaworska

Brzeska

et al. 2022

The Journal of nutrition, health and aging

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Objectives To evaluate the effect of L-carnitine (LC) in combination with leucine supplementation on muscle strength and muscle hypertrophy in aged women participating in a resistance exercise training (RET) program. Design/Setting/Participants Thirty-seven out of sixty (38.3% dropout) healthy women aged 60–75 years (mean 67.6 ± 0.7 years) completed the intervention in one of three groups. One of the supplemented groups received 1 g of L-carnitine-L-tartrate in combination with 3 g of L-leucine per day (LC+L group; n = 12), and the second supplemented group received 4 g of L-leucine per day (L group; n = 13). The control group (CON group; n = 12) received no supplementation. Intervention All three groups completed the same RET protocol involving exercise sessions twice per week for 24 weeks. Measurements Before and after the experiment, participants performed isometric and isokinetic muscle strength testing on the Biodex dynamometer. The cross-sectional areas of the major knee extensors and total thigh muscles were assessed using magnetic resonance imaging. Fasting serum levels of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), myostatin and decorin, and plasma levels of total carnitine (TC) and trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO) levels were measured. Results The 24-week RET significantly increased muscle strength and muscle volume, but the group and time interactions were not significant for the muscle variables analyzed. Plasma total carnitine increased only in the LC+L group (p = 0.009). LC supplementation also caused a significant increase in plasma TMAO, which was higher after the intervention in the LC+L group than in the L (p < 0.001), and CON (p = 0.005) groups. The intervention did not change plasma TMAO concentration in the L (p = 0.959) and CON (p = 0.866) groups. After the intervention serum decorin level was higher than before in both supplemented groups combined (p = 0.012), still not significantly different to post intervention CON (p = 0.231). No changes in serum IGF-1 and myostatin concentrations and no links between the changes in blood markers and muscle function or muscle volume were observed. Conclusions LC combined with leucine or leucine alone does not appear to improve the effectiveness of RET.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

L-Carnitine Combined with Leucine Supplementation Does Not Improve the Effectiveness of Progressive Resistance Training in Healthy Aged Women

Sawicka

Jaworska

Brzeska

et al. 2022

The Journal of nutrition, health and aging

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“…Based on our inability to detect methylphosphonate synthase ( mpnS ) genes or transcripts in our data, encoding the enzyme responsible for MPN synthesis [101], we propose that MPN is not produced endogenously by the sponge-associated community and rather likely sourced from the surrounding seawater. Conversely, the source of MeA may indeed be endogenous, deriving from the metabolic processing of TMA [102]. TMA can be produced from choline [103], glycine betaine [104] or carnitine [105].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bacterial aerobic methane cycling by the marine sponge-associated microbiome

Ramírez

Bar-Shalom

Furlan

et al. 2022

Preprint

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BackgroundMethanotrophy by the sponge-hosted microbiome has been mainly reported in the ecological context of deep-sea hydrocarbon seep niches where methane is either produced geothermically or via anaerobic methanogenic archaea inhabiting the sulfate-depleted sediments. However, methane oxidizing bacteria from the candidate phylum Binatota have recently been described and shown to be present in oxic shallow-water marine sponges, where sources of methane remain undescribed.ResultsHere, using an integrative -omicsapproach, we provide evidence for sponge-hosted bacterial methanogenesis occurring in fully oxygenated shallow water habitats. Specifically, we suggest methanogenesis occursviaat least two independent pathways involving methylamine and methylphosphonate transformations that, concomitantly to aerobic methane production, generate bioavailable nitrogen and phosphate, respectively. Methylphosphonate may be sourced from seawater continuously filtered by the sponge host. Methylamines may also be externally sourced or, alternatively, generated by a multi-step metabolic process where carnitine, derived from sponge cell debris, is transformed to methylamine by different sponge-hosted microbial lineages. Finally, methanotrophs specialized in pigment production, affiliated to the phylum Binatota, may provide a photoprotective function, closing a previously undescribed C1-metabolic loop that involves both the sponge host and specific members of the associated microbial community.ConclusionGiven the global distribution of this ancient animal lineage and their remarkable water filtration activity, sponge hosted methane cycling may affect methane supersaturation in oxic coastal environments. Depending on the net balance between methanogenesis and methanotrophy, sponges may serve as marine sources or sinks of this potent greenhouse gas.

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“…Consistent with a Mediterranean dietary pattern, participants reported higher consumption of fish in the HMDA group. Urinary trimethylamine- N -oxide (TMAO) and its precursor trimethylamine are markers of fish consumption, particularly deep dwelling marine fish ( 77 ) but are also synthesized from bacterial degradation of dietary choline and carnitine found in red meats ( 56 , 77 ). Less commonly, urinary TMAO can also be related to legume intake ( 78 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Urinary and serum TMAO have been proposed as biomarkers of cardiovascular disease ( 79 ), however caution must be exercised in interpreting its role in dietary health. This is due to the fact that there are dietary sources of this metabolite, including fish ( 77 ), which is generally associated with alignment to a Mediterranean-style diet. In the current study, TMAO was positively associated with increased polyunsaturated fats, muesli intake, and nuts and legumes.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Altered dietary behaviour during pregnancy impacts systemic metabolic phenotypes

Rowley,

Lodge,

Egan

et al. 2023

Front. Nutr.

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RationaleEvidence suggests consumption of a Mediterranean diet (MD) can positively impact both maternal and offspring health, potentially mediated by a beneficial effect on inflammatory pathways. We aimed to apply metabolic profiling of serum and urine samples to assess differences between women who were stratified into high and low alignment to a MD throughout pregnancy and investigate the relationship of the diet to inflammatory markers.MethodsFrom the ORIGINS cohort, 51 pregnant women were stratified for persistent high and low alignment to a MD, based on validated MD questionnaires. 1H Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy was used to investigate the urine and serum metabolite profiles of these women at 36 weeks of pregnancy. The relationship between diet, metabolite profile and inflammatory status was investigated.ResultsThere were clear differences in both the food choice and metabolic profiles of women who self-reported concordance to a high (HMDA) and low (LMDA) Mediterranean diet, indicating that alignment with the MD was associated with a specific metabolic phenotype during pregnancy. Reduced meat intake and higher vegetable intake in the HMDA group was supported by increased levels of urinary hippurate (p = 0.044) and lower creatine (p = 0.047) levels. Serum concentrations of the NMR spectroscopic inflammatory biomarkers GlycA (p = 0.020) and GlycB (p = 0.016) were significantly lower in the HDMA group and were negatively associated with serum acetate, histidine and isoleucine (p < 0.05) suggesting a greater level of plant-based nutrients in the diet. Serum branched chain and aromatic amino acids were positively associated with the HMDA group while both urinary and serum creatine, urine creatinine and dimethylamine were positively associated with the LMDA group.ConclusionMetabolic phenotypes of pregnant women who had a high alignment with the MD were significantly different from pregnant women who had a poor alignment with the MD. The metabolite profiles aligned with reported food intake. Differences were most significant biomarkers of systemic inflammation and selected gut-microbial metabolites. This research expands our understanding of the mechanisms driving health outcomes during the perinatal period and provides additional biomarkers for investigation in pregnant women to assess potential health risks.

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Balancing the Equation: A Natural History of Trimethylamine and Trimethylamine-N-oxide

Cited by 32 publications

References 340 publications

L-Carnitine Combined with Leucine Supplementation Does Not Improve the Effectiveness of Progressive Resistance Training in Healthy Aged Women

L-Carnitine Combined with Leucine Supplementation Does Not Improve the Effectiveness of Progressive Resistance Training in Healthy Aged Women

Bacterial aerobic methane cycling by the marine sponge-associated microbiome

Altered dietary behaviour during pregnancy impacts systemic metabolic phenotypes

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