Balancing risks and rewards of alternate strategies in the seaward extent, duration and timing of fjord use in contemporary anadromy of brown trout (Salmo trutta)

Abstract

Background Anadromy comprises a successful life-cycle adaptation for salmonids, with marine migration providing improved feeding opportunities and thus improved growth. These rewards are balanced against costs from increased energy expenditure and mortality risk. Anthropogenic-induced environmental changes that reduce benefits and/or increase costs of migration e.g., aquaculture and hydropower, may therefore result in adaptations disfavouring anadromy. We tagged brown trout (Salmo trutta) smolts (N = 175) and veteran migrants (N = 342), from five adjacent riverine populations located in Sognefjorden, the longest Norwegian fjord-system supporting anadromous brown trout populations (209 km). Over four years, 138 acoustic telemetry receivers were deployed to track migrations of tagged individuals from freshwater and throughout Sognefjorden. Detected movements were used to fit migration models and multi-state mark-recapture models of survival and movement for each life-stage. Seaward migration distance was modelled to examine the fitness consequences from alternate migration strategies, with these models used to simulate the extent of fjord-use by individuals and accompanying growth, fecundity and survival consequences. We compared these findings with mark-recapture data collected prior to aquaculture and hydropower development. Results The telemetry data revealed that the outermost-fjord region was utilised by all populations albeit by few individuals. However, historical recaptures were located at a greater distance from the river mouth (87.7 ± 70.3 km), when compared to maximum migration distances of present-day counterparts (58.6 ± 54.9 km). River of origin influenced observed migratory behaviour and differential survival was estimated for each population and life-stage. The simulations based on telemetry-data models revealed a 30% and 23% difference in survival among populations for smolts and veteran migrants, respectively. At the individual-level, a long-distance migration strategy was rewarded with enhanced fecundity. However, the main contribution to population-level fecundity was overwhelmingly derived from middle-distance migrants, due to higher mortality rates and limited numbers of long-distant migrants. Conclusions We conclude that present-day anadromy is precarious, but potential risk varies considerably between life-stages and populations, even within a single fjord system. Our findings suggest that selection for extended migration is under pressure, we therefore stress the importance of monitoring and management actions to secure genetic variation pertinent to preserve fitness gains of anadromy.

Leveraging the genetic diversity of trout in the rivers of the British Isles and northern France to understand the movements of sea trout (Salmo truttaL.) around the English Channel

“…Unlike Atlantic salmon, however, anadromous trout are thought to feed more locally to their natal rivers (Jonsson & Jonsson, 2014; Malcolm, Godfrey, & Youngson, 2010; Potter, Campbell, Sumner, & Marshall, 2017), rather than migrating long distances to offshore feeding grounds in the north Atlantic (Gilbey et al, 2021; Gilbey et al, 2017). Nonetheless, several tagging and tracking studies have reported highly variable degrees of movement, including longer migrations of limited numbers of individuals (Hawley, Urke, Kristensen, & Haugen, 2024; Kallio-Nyberg, Saura, & Ahlfors, 2002; Malcolm et al, 2010; Potter et al, 2017). Additionally, distinct regional differences in migration patterns have been reported (Potter et al, 2017).…”

Leveraging the genetic diversity of trout in the rivers of the British Isles and northern France to understand the movements of sea trout (Salmo trutta L.) around the English Channel

“…Unlike Atlantic salmon, however, anadromous trout are thought to feed more locally to their natal rivers (Jonsson & Jonsson, 2014 ; Malcolm et al., 2010 ; Potter et al., 2017 ), rather than migrating long distances to offshore feeding grounds in the north Atlantic (Gilbey et al., 2017 , 2021 ). Nonetheless, several tagging and tracking studies have reported highly variable degrees of movement, including longer migrations of limited numbers of individuals (Hawley et al., 2024 ; Kallio‐Nyberg et al., 2002 ; Malcolm et al., 2010 ; Potter et al., 2017 ). Additionally, distinct regional differences in migration patterns have been reported (Potter et al., 2017 ).…”

“…Nonetheless, several tagging and tracking studies have reported highly variable degrees of movement, including longer migrations of limited numbers of individuals (Hawley et al, 2024;Kallio-Nyberg et al, 2002;Malcolm et al, 2010;Potter et al, 2017). Additionally, distinct regional differences in migration patterns have been reported (Potter et al, 2017).…”