“…Readiness for online learning is an international research domain conceptualizing and measuring, various success factors and enabling conditions. There are numerous readiness models (Alaaraj & Ibrahim, 2014;Darab & Montazer, 2011), instruments (Dray, Lowenthal, Miszkiewicz, Ruiz-Primo, & Marczynski, 2011;Hung, 2016;Hung, Chou, & Chen, 2010;Lin, Lin, Yeh, Wang, & Jansen, 2015), and empirical studies, set in a variety of national contexts (Aldhafeeri & Khan, 2016;Chipembele, Chipembele, Bwalya, & Bwalya, 2016;Gay, 2016;Parkes, Stein, & Reading, 2015;van Rooij & Zirkle, 2016). Researchers generally adopt either a macro-level perspective, addressing the readiness of organizations, regions and countries (Beetham & Sharpe, 2007;Bui, Sankaran, & Sebastian, 2003), or a micro-level perspective, focused primarily on students (Dray et al, 2011;Parkes et al, 2015) or teachers (Gay, 2016;Hung, 2016).…”