This paper uses observations from a panel data set of 35 chief executive officers (CEOs) from 29 not-for-profit hospitals in Connecticut over the period 1998 to 2006 to investigate the relationship between CEO performance and pay. Both economic and charity performance measures are specified in the empirical model. The multiple regression results reveal that not-for-profit hospital CEOs, at least in Connecticut, are driven at the margin to increase the occupancy rate of privately insured patients at the expense of uncompensated care and public-pay patients. This type of behavior on the part of not-for-profit hospital CEOs calls into question the desirability of allowing these hospitals a tax exemption on earned income, property, and purchases.Executive compensation has always captured a considerable amount of attention from the media and general public. The attention surrounding these compensation issues was particularly exacerbated last year as both legislators and the public seriously questioned the huge bonuses many major corporations paid their chief executive officers (CEOs) while being bailed out by the federal government. It has always been unclear, however, whether these concerns over CEO compensation have been driven by valid interests in economic efficiency, subjective notions of fairness, or a simple collective matter of envy. Regardless of the specific reason, we know that CEOs are paid much more than the typical worker and this gap continues to grow in both absolute and relative terms. Determining what should be done about this lopsided imbalance continues to pose a daunting problem for both society and regulators.