Balances of Calcium, Magnesium and Phosphorus in Japanese Young Adults

Nishimuta, Mamoru; Kodama, Naoka; Morikuni, Eiko; Yoshioka, Yayoi; Takeyama, Hidemaro; Yamada, Hideaki; Kitajima, Hideaki; Suzuki, Kazumasa

doi:10.3177/jnsv.50.19

Cited by 30 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…5). The presence of positive correlations between these variables suggests that the urinary excretions of Ca and Mg reflect Ca and Mg absorption, as reported previously (17,18).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 61%

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Effect of Lactulose on Calcium and Magnesium Absorption: A Study Using Stable Isotopes in Adult Men

Seki

Hamano

Iiyama

et al. 2007

J Nutr Sci Vitaminol

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SummaryTo evaluate the effect of lactulose on calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) absorption, we performed a clinical trial with a double-blind, randomized, crossover design in 24 healthy adult male volunteers. The absorptions of Ca and Mg were evaluated by a single-labeling method using stable isotopes. The test foods, containing lactulose at a dose of 0 g (placebo), 2 g (low-dose), or 4 g (high-dose) together with 300 mg of Ca containing 20 mg of Mg) increased with lactulose dosage. Significant differences were observed in the Ca ratio between placebo and high-dose lactulose ( p Ͻ 0.01), and in the Mg ratio between placebo and low-dose lactulose and between placebo and high-dose lactulose ( p Ͻ 0.01). Lactulose ingestion did not change the levels of bone-resorption markers (type I collagen cross-linked N -telopeptide and deoxypyridinoline) in urine. The test foods did not cause any side effects. This study demonstrates that lactulose enhances the absorptions of Ca and Mg in adult men.

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“…5). The presence of positive correlations between these variables suggests that the urinary excretions of Ca and Mg reflect Ca and Mg absorption, as reported previously (17,18).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 61%

“…Correlations between the absorptions of Ca and Mg and their amounts in urine have been reported previously (17,18), and many clinical trials have evaluated the absorptions of Ca and Mg based on urinary excretion (19,20). In the present study, the amounts of minerals were compared with the ratios of stable isotopes in the Combined urine (Fig.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Lactulose on Calcium and Magnesium Absorption: A Study Using Stable Isotopes in Adult Men

Seki

Hamano

Iiyama

et al. 2007

J Nutr Sci Vitaminol

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“…The data of this study allowed the estimated average requirements (EARs) for both minerals to be derived. Key Words human, sodium, potassium, intake, urine, balance ent (1). For sodium (Na), one of the extracellular minerals whose physiological pools include bone (2,3), and for which the signs and symptoms of deficit are poor, deter mination of the requirement is difficult due to the absence of evidence.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In such cases, results of balance studies that determine the estimated average requirement (EAR), that is the balance between intake and output, are the sole sources of information available for deter mining requirement. We therefore conducted 11 bal ance studies in 109 young Japanese adults, with the results of some of these studies having been published previously (1,(4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sodium and Potassium Balances in Japanese Young Adults

Kodama

Morikuni²,

Matsuzaki³

et al. 2005

Journal of Nutritional Science and Vitaminology, J Nutr Sci Vit

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SummaryThis study was conducted to estimate the requirements of sodium (Na) and potassium (K) in Japanese young adults. From 1986 to 2000,109 volunteers (23 males, 86 females), ranging from 18 to 28y old, took part in 11 mineral balance studies after written informed consent had been obtained. The duration of the study periods ranged from 5 to 12d, with a 2-4d adaptation period. Foodstuffs used in each study were selected from those commercially available. The Na and K content of the diet, feces, urine and sweat were mea sured by atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The results of a study in which Na intake was 6.87g/d (ca. 300mmol/d), the highest of all the studies, showed apparent positive Na balances. In contrast, another study in which Na intake was 2.21g/d (ca. 100mmol/d), the lowest of all the studies, showed apparent negative Na balances. These two studies seemed to differ from the other studies, as shown by regression equations calculated from either data of all the studies (n=109) or data that did not include the two studies (n=90). The dietary intakes of Na and K ranged between 38.56-142.23 and 26.77-74.42mg/kg body weight (BW)/d, or 2.21-6.87 and 1.83-3.61g/d, respectively in the complete data, and 43.71 -96.40 and 26.77-63.70mg/kg BW/d, or 3.06-4.06 and 1.83-2.68g/d, respectively in the data that did not include the two studies. The intakes of the two minerals were positively cor related. Na intake (Intake) was correlated positively with apparent absorption (AA) of Na, which was also correlated with Na urinary output (Urine). In the data that did not include the two studies, Na balance (Balance) was not correlated significantly with either Na Intake (r2=0.005) or AA of Na (r2=0.006). However, analysis of all the data showed a significant correlation between Na Balance and both Na Intake (r2=0.361) and AA of Na (r2=0.360). In the complete data, the mean value and upper and lower limits of the 95% confidence interval for the regression equation between Intake and Balance for Na, when balance was equal to zero (i.e mean, upper and lower limits), were 55.824, 60.787 and 50.862mg/ kg BW/d, respectively. K Intake was correlated positively with AA of K, which was also cor related with both Urine K and K Balance. There was a significant correlation between K Intake and K Balance in both the complete data (r2=0.213) and the data that did not include the two studies (r2=0.116). In all the cases, mean, upper and lower limits for K were 39.161, 41.782 and 36.540mg/kg BW/d, respectively. Intakes of Na and K did not corre late with their respective AA rates (%). Within the ranges of K Intake in this study, K Bal ance was affected markedly by K Intake itself as well as by Na Intake. However, in the case of Na, when the data of the highest and lowest Na intake studies were excluded from the analysis, Na Balance did not correlate with Na Intake, whereas the data of all the studies showed Na Balance was affected strongly by Na Intake. The data of this study allowed the estimated average requirements (EARs) for both mi...

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“…Phosphorus balances were positive (means from +16 to +38 mg/day) under all different dietary conditions. Nishimuta et al (2004) aimed to estimate the requirements for calcium, magnesium and phosphorus in Japanese adults. A total of 109 volunteers (23 males, 86 females), ranging from 18 to 28 years of age, took part in mineral balance studies; the duration of these studies ranged from 5 to 12 days, with 2 to 4 days of adaptation.…”

Section: Balance Studies In Adultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Scientific Opinion on Dietary Reference Values for phosphorus

Products¹

2015

EFS2

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Following a request from the European Commission, the Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies derived Dietary Reference Values (DRVs) for phosphorus. The Panel considered data from balance studies, losses of phosphorus from the body and intestinal absorption for possible use in a factorial approach, and studies on phosphorus intake and long-term health outcomes. The Panel concluded that these data were insufficient for setting DRVs for phosphorus. Data on the calcium to phosphorus ratio in bones of healthy adults, adjusted for the proportion of phosphorus found outside bone, and data on whole-body calcium and phosphorus contents in Caucasian adults indicate that the calcium to phosphorus molar ratio in the body ranges from 1.4:1 to 1.9:1. Although the fractional absorption of phosphorus is higher than that of calcium, the Panel considered that the actual amounts of calcium and phosphorus that are available for absorption from the diet cannot be determined; therefore, the whole-body calcium to phosphorus ratio was used to set DRVs. The data were considered insufficient to derive Average Requirements and Population Reference Intakes. Based on the DRVs for calcium and considering a molar calcium to phosphorus ratio of 1.4:1 to 1.9:1, amounts of phosphorus were calculated. The Panel chose the lower bound of this range (a ratio of 1.4:1, which results in a higher phosphorus intake value) for setting an Adequate Intake (AI), taking into account estimated phosphorus intakes in Western countries, which are considerably higher than the values calculated. The AI is 160 mg/day for infants (7-11 months) and between 250 and 640 mg/day for children. For adults, the AI is 550 mg/day. Taking into consideration adaptive changes in phosphorus metabolism that occur during pregnancy and lactation, it was considered that the AI for adults also applies to pregnant and lactating women. Phosphorus is involved in many physiological processes, such as in the cell's energy cycle, in regulation of the body's acid-base balance, as a component of the cell structure, in cell regulation and signalling, and in the mineralisation of bones and teeth. About 85 % of the body's phosphorus is in bones and teeth, 14 % is in soft tissues, including muscle, liver, heart and kidney, and only 1 % is present in extracellular fluids. Phosphorus homeostasis is intricately linked to that of calcium because of the actions of calcium-regulating hormones, such as parathyroid hormone (PTH) and 1,25-dihydroxy-vitamin D (1,25(OH) 2 D), at the level of the bone, the gut and the kidneys. © EuropeanPhosphorus absorption occurs through passive diffusion and sodium-dependent active transport and via paracellular and cellular pathways. In adults, limited data suggest that net phosphorus absorption ranges from 55 to 80 % of intake. Phosphorus absorption is affected by the total amount of phosphorus in the diet and also by the type of phosphorus (organic versus inorganic), the food origin (animalversus plant-derived) and the ratio of phosphorus to oth...

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Balances of Calcium, Magnesium and Phosphorus in Japanese Young Adults

Cited by 30 publications

References 4 publications

Effect of Lactulose on Calcium and Magnesium Absorption: A Study Using Stable Isotopes in Adult Men

Effect of Lactulose on Calcium and Magnesium Absorption: A Study Using Stable Isotopes in Adult Men

Sodium and Potassium Balances in Japanese Young Adults

Scientific Opinion on Dietary Reference Values for phosphorus

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