Balance of sulfur doping content and conductivity of hard carbon anode for high-performance K-ion storage

Chi, Chunlei; Liu, Zheng; Lu, Xiaolong; Meng, Yu; Huangfu, Chao; Yan, Yingchun; Qiu, Zhipeng; Qi, Bin; Wang, Guanwen; Pang, Huan; Wei, Tong; Fan, Zhuangjun

doi:10.1016/j.ensm.2022.11.008

Cited by 35 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 67 publications

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“…The slightly increase of capacity after 40 cycles is due to the cathode material particles disintegration. [ 2 ] The high working voltage and excellent cycling stability illustrate the practical feasibility of NQG anode and a string of LED lights can be lightened by the NQG/KMHCF full batteries after cycling test.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, due to the severe deficiency (0.0017 wt%) and uneven distribution of lithium resources, LIBs are not suitable for the further large-scale application. [1,2] As compared with lithium, potassium shows abundant resources (2.09 wt%), low-cost, and similar physicochemical properties (low potential of −2.93 V). [3][4][5][6] Meanwhile, DOI: 10.1002/aenm.202302055 the weaker Lewis acidity of K + causes the smaller Stoke's radius, which leads to higher mobility and larger transport numbers in electrolyte.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Graphene Oxide Block Derived Edge‐Nitrogen Doped Quasi‐Graphite for High K⁺ Intercalation Capacity and Excellent Rate Performance

Chi,

Liu,

Wang

et al. 2023

Advanced Energy Materials

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The intercalation capacity at low potential of carbon‐based anode plays a significant role for developing potassium ion batteries (PIBs) with high energy density. However, the inferior rate and cyclic performance caused by repeated insertion/extraction of large K+ tremendously restricts the practical application of PIBs. Herein, a quasi‐graphite structure with abundant edge‐nitrogen doping, micropores structure, and enhanced graphite nanodomains via in situ polymerization of oligoaniline in‐between graphene oxide blocks and subsequent carbonization is proposed. The macro‐ordered multilayered structure with micro‐ordered graphite nanodomains can provide efficient K+ insertion/extraction channels, thus greatly increasing the intercalation capacity at low potentials. Moreover, the high edge‐nitrogen doping (97%) is of great importance for improving K+ transfer kinetics, particularly at high current densities. As a result, the anode exhibits a high discharge capacity below 0.5 V (303 mAh g−1 at 0.05 A g−1), outstanding rate performance (113 mAh g−1 at 5 A g−1), and long‐term cycle stability (176 mAh g−1 at 1 A g−1 after 2000 cycles). The K+ intercalation mechanism and enhanced kinetics are systematically probed by in situ Raman spectroscopy, ex situ X‐ray diffraction (XRD) spectra, and theoretical calculations. This results demonstrate that the construction of quasi‐graphite with heteroatom doping is feasible for large ion storage.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Graphene Oxide Block Derived Edge‐Nitrogen Doped Quasi‐Graphite for High K⁺ Intercalation Capacity and Excellent Rate Performance

Chi,

Liu,

Wang

et al. 2023

Advanced Energy Materials

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“…The microstructure of hard carbon is obviously distinctive regarding graphite, which shows a short-range ordered structure with local graphite regions inside. Hard carbon prepared with various precursors has distinguishing characteristics, morphology, and structure, which makes the storage capacity of sodium ions vary greatly among hard carbon materials with distinguishable structures [ 69 , 70 , 71 , 72 , 73 ]. The difficulty in understanding the mechanism of sodium-ion storage in hard carbon has hindered the design of anode materials with excellent performance for sodium-ion batteries.…”

Section: Mechanism Of Sodium Storage By Hard Carbonmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Progress of Hard Carbon as an Anode Material in Sodium-Ion Batteries

et al. 2023

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When compared to expensive lithium metal, the metal sodium resources on Earth are abundant and evenly distributed. Therefore, low-cost sodium-ion batteries are expected to replace lithium-ion batteries and become the most likely energy storage system for large-scale applications. Among the many anode materials for sodium-ion batteries, hard carbon has obvious advantages and great commercial potential. In this review, the adsorption behavior of sodium ions at the active sites on the surface of hard carbon, the process of entering the graphite lamellar, and their sequence in the discharge process are analyzed. The controversial storage mechanism of sodium ions is discussed, and four storage mechanisms for sodium ions are summarized. Not only is the storage mechanism of sodium ions (in hard carbon) analyzed in depth, but also the relationships between their morphology and structure regulation and between heteroatom doping and electrolyte optimization are further discussed, as well as the electrochemical performance of hard carbon anodes in sodium-ion batteries. It is expected that the sodium-ion batteries with hard carbon anodes will have excellent electrochemical performance, and lower costs will be required for large-scale energy storage systems.

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“…The other method is to use S-containing raw materials (thiophene, terthiophene, and so forth) to fabricate S-rich carbons. For example, Chi et al prepared a series of carbon materials with different S contents using highly conjugated polythiophenes as precursors . Wan et al used a new starting unit terthiophene (S content = 38.6%) to fabricate S-doped carbon materials via a simple sulfonation process, which exhibited superior sodium storage performance .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For example, Chi et al prepared a series of carbon materials with different S contents using highly conjugated polythiophenes as precursors. 29 Wan et al used a new starting unit terthiophene (S content = 38.6%) to fabricate S-doped carbon materials via a simple sulfonation process, which exhibited superior sodium storage performance. 30 The direct carbonization of S-containing precursors to form S-doped carbon can reduce the formation of polysulfides, but such strategies often require the use of expensive feedstock and complex synthesis methods, making it difficult to produce in bulk.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

High-Energy Ball Milling Promoted Sulfur Immobilization for Constructing High-Performance Na-Storage Carbon Anodes

Ning

Wen

Duan

et al. 2023

ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces

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Sulfur (S) doping is an effective method for constructing highperformance carbon anodes for sodium-ion batteries. However, traditional designs of S-doped carbon often exhibit low initial Coulombic efficiency (ICE), poor rate capability, and impoverished cycle performance, limiting their practical applications. This study proposes an innovative design strategy to fabricate Sdoped carbon using sulfonated sugar molecules as precursors via high-energy ball milling. The results show that the high-energy ball milling can immobilize S for sulfonated sugar molecules by modulating the chemical state of S atoms, thereby creating a S-rich carbon framework with a doping level of 15.5 wt %. In addition, the S atoms are present mainly in the form of C−S bonds, facilitating a stable electrochemical reaction; meanwhile, S atoms expand the spacing between carbon layers and contribute sufficient capacitance-type Na-storage sites. Consequently, the S-doped carbon exhibits a large capacity (>600 mAh g −1 ), a high ICE (>90%), superior cycling stability (490 mAh g −1 after 1100 cycles at 5 A g −1 ), and outstanding rate performance (420 mAh g −1 at a high current density of 50 A g −1 ). Such excellent Na-storage properties of S-doped carbon have rarely been reported in the literatures before.

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Balance of sulfur doping content and conductivity of hard carbon anode for high-performance K-ion storage

Cited by 35 publications

References 67 publications

Graphene Oxide Block Derived Edge‐Nitrogen Doped Quasi‐Graphite for High K⁺ Intercalation Capacity and Excellent Rate Performance

Graphene Oxide Block Derived Edge‐Nitrogen Doped Quasi‐Graphite for High K⁺ Intercalation Capacity and Excellent Rate Performance

The Progress of Hard Carbon as an Anode Material in Sodium-Ion Batteries

High-Energy Ball Milling Promoted Sulfur Immobilization for Constructing High-Performance Na-Storage Carbon Anodes

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Balance of sulfur doping content and conductivity of hard carbon anode for high-performance K-ion storage

Cited by 35 publications

References 67 publications

Graphene Oxide Block Derived Edge‐Nitrogen Doped Quasi‐Graphite for High K+ Intercalation Capacity and Excellent Rate Performance

Graphene Oxide Block Derived Edge‐Nitrogen Doped Quasi‐Graphite for High K+ Intercalation Capacity and Excellent Rate Performance

The Progress of Hard Carbon as an Anode Material in Sodium-Ion Batteries

High-Energy Ball Milling Promoted Sulfur Immobilization for Constructing High-Performance Na-Storage Carbon Anodes

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Graphene Oxide Block Derived Edge‐Nitrogen Doped Quasi‐Graphite for High K⁺ Intercalation Capacity and Excellent Rate Performance

Graphene Oxide Block Derived Edge‐Nitrogen Doped Quasi‐Graphite for High K⁺ Intercalation Capacity and Excellent Rate Performance